Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 45, Problem 5TYK
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Antibodies or immunoglobulins are Y-shaped, large proteins, which are generated by the plasma cells. The secretion of the antibodies are a part of the adaptive immune system. The antibodies secreted show antigen specificity.
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Chapter 45 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 45.1 - Prob. 1SBCh. 45.1 - What are the key differences between innate...Ch. 45.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 45.2 - What processes specifically cause each...Ch. 45.2 - Prob. 3SBCh. 45.2 - Prob. 4SBCh. 45.3 - How, in general, do antibody-mediated and...Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 45.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 45.3 - What is clonal selection?
Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 5SBCh. 45.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 45.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 45.5 - Compare invertebrate and mammalian immune...Ch. 45 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 45 - Which of the following is not a component of the...Ch. 45 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 45 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 45 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 45 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 45 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 45 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 45 - After Sally punctured her hand with a dirty nail,...Ch. 45 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 45 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 45 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 45 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 45 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 45 - Apply Evolutionary Thinking Defensins are found in...Ch. 45 - Prob. 1ITDCh. 45 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 45 - Prob. 3ITDCh. 45 - Prob. 4ITD
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- 44) Concerning the functions of macrophages, which of the following statements is CORRECT: a. Macrophages can phagocytose pathogens and produce antibodies b. Macrophages can help T cells to stimulate complement c. Macrophages can phagocytose pathogens and are antigen presentation cells d. Macrophages activate the clotting cascade e. None of the abovearrow_forward(1) In antibody structure, where are can we find unique variable domains? A. at the tip of each polypeptide chain B. on the stem region of the antibody C. at the bottom of each polypeptide chain D. only on immunoglobulin E (2) The stem region of the antibody determines the: A. general immunological mechanism of action B. specific inflammatory response C. specific immunological mechnism of action D. shape of the variable domains (3) Antibodies are proteins that consists of ------ polypeptides in a ------ shaped structure. A. three, X B. four, Y C. five, clover D. two, Yarrow_forwardWhich of the following is not a function of antibodies? Select one: a. They neutralize pathogens by masking the pathogen surface. b. They act as molecular adaptors that bridge together pathogen and phagocyte surfaces. c. They exert toxic effects directly. d. They act as opsonins that mediate phagocytosis. e. They activate complement fixation.arrow_forward
- Antibodies Select one: a. are shaped like the letter B b. assist in destroying particular antigens C. are generalists in that any antibody can bind to any antigen d. all of the abovearrow_forwardA monoclonal antibody isa. capable of inducing any antigen.b. specific to one antigen.c. responsible for erythroblastosis.d. Two of the above.arrow_forwardExplain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. A vaccine is effective because a. The vaccine contains the antibodies necessary to fight infection. b. The vaccine contains the lymphocytes necessary to fight infection. c. The secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response. d. B lymphocytes are unable to mount an immune response the first time they are exposed to a new pathogen.arrow_forward
- CHAPTER 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity Matching SECTION 3 Revie w Match each lettered term with the most closely related description. a. opsonization 1 b. helper T cells Two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains Found on helper T cells C. antibody d. class II MHC 3 Active and passive 4 Transfer of antibodies e. costimulation Attacked by HIV f. IgM 6 Enhances phagocytosis g. class I MHC h. IgG 7 MHC proteins present in the plasma membranes of all nucleated cells i. passive immunity j. anaphylaxis 8 Differentiate into memory and plasma cells 9 MHC proteins present in the plasma membranes of all APCS and lymphocytes 9 k. CD4 markers 10 I. acquired immunity 10 Antibodies used to determine blood type 11 m. B lymphocytes 11 Secondary binding process required for T cell activation 12 12 Accounts for 80 percent of all immunoglobulins 13 13 Circulating allergen stimulates mast cells throughout body Match each lettered term with thearrow_forwarda. Why is HIV resistant to vaccines? b. Describe how the immunoconjugate exerts its effects in cancer treatment. c. Discuss step by step mechanism of oxygen bindind and release by hemoglobin. d. What is heme? Explain the binding of heme to myoglobin.arrow_forward. In a table give three differences between antigen and antibodies Explain the structure of the antibody molecule C. Discuss the differences between humoral and cell mediated immunity in terms of chemicals and cells involved in each process as they tackle pathogensarrow_forward
- Complement can enhance phadocytosis because of the presence on macrophages and neutrophils of receptors for: а. Factor D b. C3b c. C6 d. C9arrow_forwardAntibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body for phagocytosis and degradation. Another mechanism is... Select one: a. Binding of the Fc domain to T cells for cooperative antigen recognition and destruction. b. Altering the local pH by the formation of carbamate upon reaction with CO2 to denature protein antigens. c. Binding of the variable region to multiple different/distinct sites on the antigen. d. None of these. e. Binding of the antigen in regions essential for its function.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity by matching the following characteristics with the correct arm of immunity, using I for innate and A for adaptive: a. Is the first to engage on initial encounter with antigen b. Is the most pathogen specific c. Employs T and B lymphocytes d. Adapts during the response e. Responds identically during a first and second exposure to the same antigen f. Responds more effectively during a subsequent exposure g. Includers a memory component h. Is the target of vaccination i. Can involve the use of PAMP receptors j. Involves antigen-specific receptors binding to pathogens k. Can be mediated by antibodiesarrow_forward
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