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The Sentinel Cell: Nature’s Answer to Cancer?

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- In 2005, researcher Woo-suk Hwang reported that he had made immortal stem cells from human patients. His research was hailed as a breakthrough for people affected by degenerative diseases, because stem cells may be used to repair a persons own damaged tissues. Hwang published his results in a peer-reviewed journal. In 2006, the journal retracted his paper after other scientists discovered that Hwangs group had faked their data. Does the incident show that results of scientific studies cannot be trusted? Or does it confirm the usefulness of a scientific approach, because other scientists discovered and exposed the fraud?Ultimately, cancer kills because it spreads and disturbs homeostasis. Consider, for example, a kidney cancer that metastasizes to the lungs and liver. What are some specific aspects of homeostasis that the spreading disease could affect?Diseased animal cells may produce molecules that activate death cascades to kill the cells in a controlled manner. Why would neighboring healthy cells also die? The death molecule is passed through desmosomes The death molecule is passed through plasmodesmata The death molecule disrupts the extracellular matrix The death molecule passes through gap junctions.
- A scientist notices that a cancer cell line fails to die when he adds an inducer of apoptosis to his culture of cells. Which hypothesis could explain why the cells fail to die? The cells have a mutation that prevents the initiation of apoptosis signaling. The cells have lost expression of the receptor for the apoptosis-inducing ligand. The cells overexpress a growth factor pathway that inhibits apoptosis. All of the above.How can errors in the cell cycle lead to cancer in humans?What controls the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus? a. endoplasmic reticulum, an extension of the nucleus b. nuclear pores, which consists of membrane proteins c. nucleoli, in which ribosome subunits are made d. dynamically assembled microtubules e. tight junctions
- Outline the steps that lead to a cell becoming cancerous.Biologists have long been interested in the effects of radiation on cells. In one experiment, researchers examined the effect of radium on mitosis of chick embryo cells growing in culture. A population of experimental cells was examined under the microscope for the number of cells in telophase (as a measure of mitosis occurring) before, during, and after exposure to radium. The results are shown in the Figure. What is the effect of radium exposure on mitosis? Source: R. G. Canti and M. Donaldson. 1926. The effect of radium on mitosis in vitro. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 100:413419.Thinking about the topic of cancer, write a basic science question and an applied science question that a researcher interested in this topic might ask.
- Cell Structure Reflects Function What advantages are there in having the interior of the cell divided into a number of compartments such as the nucleus, the ER, lysosomes, and so forth?Which of the following statements is not true about DNA replication? a. It occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle. b. It makes a sister chromatid. c. It denatures DNA strands. d. It occurs semiconservatively. e. It follows base-pairing rules.Organelles and Cystic Fibrosis A plasma membrane transport protein called CFTR moves chloride ions out of cells lining cavities and ducts of the lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines, and reproductive system. Water that follows the ions creates a thin film that allows mucus to slide easily through these structures. People with cystic fibrosis (CF) have too few copies of the CFTR protein in the plasma membranes of their cells. Not enough chloride ions leave the cells, and so not enough water leaves them either. The result is thick, dry mucus that clogs the airways to the lungs and other passages. Symptoms include difficulty breathing and chronic lung infections. In 2000, researchers tracked the cellular location of the CFTR protein as it was being produced in cells from people with CF (Figure 3.13). Figure 3.13 Cellular location of the CFTR protein. Graph compares the amounts of CFTR protein found in endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles travel in g from ER to Golgi, and Golgi bodies in CF cells and normal cells. Which organelle contains the least amount of CFTR protein in normal cells? In CF cells?











