Michelle Khan and her co-workers published their findings on a 10-year study in cervical cancer incidence and human papilloma virus status in 20,514 women in 2003. They gave a graph for their results. The group that has women infected with both HPV16 and HPV18 is to be analyzed. Given: The graphical representation of the study conducted by Michelle and her co-workers: The key for the graph is given below. Introduction: Cervical cancer is a cancer of cervical cells in the uterus. It is mostly caused by the Human Papilloma Virus, which is sexually transmitted. Sexually active women are at a greater risk of getting infected by this virus. All the strains of HPV do not cause cervical cancer. Two strains of HPV—HPV16 and HPV18—cause cervical cancer, out of the 100 known strains.

Question

An epidemiological study of 500 men between the ages of 20 and 65 years of age revealed a correlation between an increased consumption of tomatoes and a lower incidence of prostate cancer. The results of this study do not prove that increased tomato consumption lowers the risk for prostate cancer because: A) The study shows a correlation between two factors that may or may not actually have an effect on each other. B) The study does not show how tomatoes lower prostate cancer risk. C) A single study cannot provide enough evidence to conclusively prove an effect. D) All of the above are valid reasons.

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Question

Chapter 45, Problem 2ITD

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Michelle Khan and her co-workers published their findings on a 10-year study in cervical cancer incidence and human papilloma virus status in 20,514 women in 2003. They gave a graph for their results. The group that has women infected with both HPV16 and HPV18 is to be analyzed.

Given:

The graphical representation of the study conducted by Michelle and her co-workers:

The key for the graph is given below.

Introduction:

Cervical cancer is a cancer of cervical cells in the uterus. It is mostly caused by the Human Papilloma Virus, which is sexually transmitted. Sexually active women are at a greater risk of getting infected by this virus. All the strains of HPV do not cause cervical cancer. Two strains of HPV—HPV16 and HPV18—cause cervical cancer, out of the 100 known strains.

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