(a)
Interpretation:
Aldehyde must contain a carbon‑oxygen single bond or not has to be indicated.
Concept Introduction:
Carbonyl groups are the one which contain a double bond between carbon and oxygen atom.
The groups that is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom can be either hydrogen or carbon atom. If the attached atoms are hydrogen and a carbon atom means then the compound is an aldehyde and if they are two carbon atoms means then the compound is a ketone. If the attached atom is a nitrogen atom to the carbonyl carbon atom means it is a amide. If a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbonyl carbon atom, then it is a
(b)
Interpretation:
Ketone must contain a carbon‑oxygen single bond or not has to be indicated.
Concept Introduction:
Carbonyl groups are the one which contain a double bond between carbon and oxygen atom. Aldehydes and ketones possess this carbonyl functional group in it. The structural representation of a carbonyl group can be given as shown below,
The groups that is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom can be either hydrogen or carbon atom. If the attached atoms are hydrogen and a carbon atom means then the compound is an aldehyde and if they are two carbon atoms means then the compound is a ketone. If the attached atom is a nitrogen atom to the carbonyl carbon atom means it is a amide. If a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbonyl carbon atom, then it is a carboxylic acid. If one of the bonds in the carbonyl carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom that is bonded with alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic system is known as ester.
(c)
Interpretation:
Ester must contain a carbon‑oxygen single bond or not has to be indicated.
Concept Introduction:
Carbonyl groups are the one which contain a double bond between carbon and oxygen atom. Aldehydes and ketones possess this carbonyl functional group in it. The structural representation of a carbonyl group can be given as shown below,
The groups that is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom can be either hydrogen or carbon atom. If the attached atoms are hydrogen and a carbon atom means then the compound is an aldehyde and if they are two carbon atoms means then the compound is a ketone. If the attached atom is a nitrogen atom to the carbonyl carbon atom means it is a amide. If a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbonyl carbon atom, then it is a carboxylic acid. If one of the bonds in the carbonyl carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom that is bonded with alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic system is known as ester.
(d)
Interpretation:
Carboxylic acid must contain a carbon‑oxygen single bond or not has to be indicated.
Concept Introduction:
Carbonyl groups are the one which contain a double bond between carbon and oxygen atom. Aldehydes and ketones possess this carbonyl functional group in it. The structural representation of a carbonyl group can be given as shown below,
The groups that is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom can be either hydrogen or carbon atom. If the attached atoms are hydrogen and a carbon atom means then the compound is an aldehyde and if they are two carbon atoms means then the compound is a ketone. If the attached atom is a nitrogen atom to the carbonyl carbon atom means it is a amide. If a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbonyl carbon atom, then it is a carboxylic acid. If one of the bonds in the carbonyl carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom that is bonded with alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic system is known as ester.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
EBK ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
- elow are experimentally determined van Deemter plots of column efficiency, H, vs. flow rate. H is a quantitative measurement of band broadening. The left plot is for a liquid chromatography application and the night is for gas chromatography. Compare and contrast these two plots in terms of the three band broadening mechanisms presented in this activity. How are they similar? How do they differ? Justify your answers.? 0.4 H (mm) 0.2 0.1- 0.3- 0 0.5 H (mm) 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0- 3.0 T +++ 1.0 1.5 0 2.0 4.0 Flow Rate, u (cm/s) 6.0 8.0 Flow Rate, u (cm/s)arrow_forwardPredict the products of this organic reaction: + H ZH NaBH3CN H+ n. ? Click and drag to start drawing a structure. Xarrow_forwardWhat is the missing reactant R in this organic reaction? + R H3O+ + • Draw the structure of R in the drawing area below. • Be sure to use wedge and dash bonds if it's necessary to draw one particular enantiomer. Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forward
- What would be the best choices for the missing reagents 1 and 3 in this synthesis? 1 1. PPh3 2. n-BuLi 2 • Draw the missing reagents in the drawing area below. You can draw them in any arrangement you like. • Do not draw the missing reagent 2. If you draw 1 correctly, we'll know what it is. • Note: if one of your reagents needs to contain a halogen, use bromine. Click and drag to start drawing a structure.arrow_forwardThe product on the right-hand side of this reaction can be prepared from two organic reactants, under the conditions shown above and below the arrow. Draw 1 and 2 below, in any arrangement you like. 1+2 NaBH₂CN H+ N Click and drag to start drawing a structure. X $arrow_forwardExplain what is the maximum absorbance of in which caffeine absorbs?arrow_forward
- Explain reasons as to why the amount of caffeine extracted from both a singular extraction (5ml Mountain Dew) and a multiple extraction (2 x 5.0ml Mountain Dew) were severely high when compared to coca-cola?arrow_forwardProtecting Groups and Carbonyls 6) The synthesis generates allethrolone that exhibits high insect toxicity but low mammalian toxicity. They are used in pet shampoo, human lice shampoo, and industrial sprays for insects and mosquitos. Propose detailed mechanistic steps to generate the allethrolone label the different types of reagents (Grignard, acid/base protonation, acid/base deprotonation, reduction, oxidation, witting, aldol condensation, Robinson annulation, etc.) III + VI HS HS H+ CH,CH,Li III I II IV CI + P(Ph)3 V ༼ Hint: no strong base added VI S VII IX HO VIII -MgBr HgCl2,HgO HO. isomerization aqeuous solution H,SO, ༽༽༤༽༽ X MeOH Hint: enhances selectivity for reaction at the S X ☑arrow_forwardDraw the complete mechanism for the acid-catalyzed hydration of this alkene. esc 田 Explanation Check 1 888 Q A slock Add/Remove step Q F4 F5 F6 A བྲA F7 $ % 5 @ 4 2 3 & 6 87 Click and drag to start drawing a structure. © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Ce W E R T Y U S D LL G H IK DD 요 F8 F9 F10 F1 * ( 8 9 0 O P J K L Z X C V B N M H He commandarrow_forward
- Explanation Check F1 H₂O H₂ Pd 1) MCPBA 2) H3O+ 1) Hg(OAc)2, H₂O 2) NaBH4 OH CI OH OH OH hydration halohydrin formation addition halogenation hydrogenation inhalation hydrogenation hydration ☐ halohydrin formation addition halogenation formation chelation hydrogenation halohydrin formation substitution hydration halogenation addition Ohalohydrin formation subtraction halogenation addition hydrogenation hydration F2 80 F3 σ F4 F5 F6 1 ! 2 # 3 $ 4 % 05 Q W & Å © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. F7 F8 ( 6 7 8 9 LU E R T Y U A F9arrow_forwardShow the mechanism steps to obtain the lowerenergy intermediate: *see imagearrow_forwardSoap is made by the previous reaction *see image. The main difference between one soap and another soap isthe length (number of carbons) of the carboxylic acid. However, if a soap irritates your skin, they mostlikely used too much lye.Detergents have the same chemical structure as soaps except for the functional group. Detergentshave sulfate (R-SO4H) and phosphate (R-PO4H2) functional groups. Draw the above carboxylic acidcarbon chain but as the two variants of detergents. *see imagearrow_forward
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