Chapter 4, Problem 4.48EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of elements that forms a negatively charged ions among the following highlighted elements in the below periodic table has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons until they obtain an electron configuration that is the same as that of a noble gas.

The neutral atom has equal number of protons and electrons.  Gaining or loosing of a electrons of an atoms form ions.

Atoms form their ions to attain noble gas configuration.

• Group IA, IIA and IIIA are metal atoms containing one, two or three valence electrons.  These metal atoms lose their valence electrons to get noble gas configuration.
• Group VA, VIA VIIA are non-metal atoms containing five, six or seven valence electrons.  These non-metal atoms acquire electrons to get noble gas configuration.
• Group IVA group elements have four valence electrons.  These elements either gain or lose their electrons to get noble gas configuration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The elements that forms ions through gain of electrons among the following highlighted elements in the below periodic table has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons until they obtain an electron configuration that is the same as that of a noble gas.

The neutral atom has equal number of protons and electrons.  Gaining or loosing of a electrons of an atoms form ions.

Atoms form their ions to attain noble gas configuration.

• Group IA, IIA and IIIA are metal atoms containing one, two or three valence electrons.  These metal atoms lose their valence electrons to get noble gas configuration.
• Group VA, VIA VIIA are non-metal atoms containing five, six or seven valence electrons.  These non-metal atoms acquire electrons to get noble gas configuration.
• Group IVA group elements have four valence electrons.  These elements either gain or lose their electrons to get noble gas configuration.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The elements which forms ions that has a charge magnitude of $\text{1}$ among the following highlighted elements in the below periodic table has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons until they obtain an electron configuration that is the same as that of a noble gas.

The neutral atom has equal number of protons and electrons.  Gaining or loosing of a electrons of an atoms form ions.

Atoms form their ions to attain noble gas configuration.

• Group IA, IIA and IIIA are metal atoms containing one, two or three valence electrons.  These metal atoms lose their valence electrons to get noble gas configuration.
• Group VA, VIA VIIA are non-metal atoms containing five, six or seven valence electrons.  These non-metal atoms acquire electrons to get noble gas configuration.
• Group IVA group elements have four valence electrons.  These elements either gain or lose their electrons to get noble gas configuration.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The elements that forms an ion that involves loss of two or more electrons among the following highlighted elements in the below periodic table has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons until they obtain an electron configuration that is the same as that of a noble gas.

The neutral atom has equal number of protons and electrons.  Gaining or loosing of a electrons of an atoms form ions.

Atoms form their ions to attain noble gas configuration.

• Group IA, IIA and IIIA are metal atoms containing one, two or three valence electrons.  These metal atoms lose their valence electrons to get noble gas configuration.
• Group VA, VIA VIIA are non-metal atoms containing five, six or seven valence electrons.  These non-metal atoms acquire electrons to get noble gas configuration.
• Group IVA group elements have four valence electrons.  These elements either gain or lose their electrons to get noble gas configuration.