Chapter 4, Problem 4.35EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis symbol for ion ${\text{P}}^{\text{3-}}$ has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Atoms are composed of three types of particles called subatomic particles.  They are as follows:

• Protons: Positively charged particles in an atom.
• Neutrons: Neutral charged particles in an atom.
• Electrons: Negatively charged particles in an atom.

The neutral atom has equal number of protons and electrons.  Gaining or loosing of electrons of an atom form ion.

Negative charged ions are formed by gaining one or more electrons and it has more electrons than protons.

Positive charged ions are formed by losing one or more electrons and it has more protons than electrons.

Lewis symbol:

A Lewis symbol is a pictorial representation of an element symbol surrounded by dots indicating number of electrons in the outer energy level.  The group number of the element indicates number of valence electrons.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis symbol for ion ${\text{N}}^{\text{3-}}$ has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Atoms are composed of three types of particles called subatomic particles.  They are as follows:

• Protons: Positively charged particles in an atom.
• Neutrons: Neutral charged particles in an atom.
• Electrons: Negatively charged particles in an atom.

The neutral atom has equal number of protons and electrons.  Gaining or loosing of electrons of an atom form ion.

Negative charged ions are formed by gaining one or more electrons and it has more electrons than protons.

Positive charged ions are formed by losing one or more electrons and it has more protons than electrons.

Lewis symbol:

A Lewis symbol is a pictorial representation of an element symbol surrounded by dots indicating number of electrons in the outer energy level.  The group number of the element indicates number of valence electrons.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis symbol for ion ${\text{C}}^{\text{4-}}$ has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Atoms are composed of three types of particles called subatomic particles.  They are as follows:

• Protons: Positively charged particles in an atom.
• Neutrons: Neutral charged particles in an atom.
• Electrons: Negatively charged particles in an atom.

The neutral atom has equal number of protons and electrons.  Gaining or loosing of electrons of an atom form ion.

Negative charged ions are formed by gaining one or more electrons and it has more electrons than protons.

Positive charged ions are formed by losing one or more electrons and it has more protons than electrons.

Lewis symbol:

A Lewis symbol is a pictorial representation of an element symbol surrounded by dots indicating number of electrons in the outer energy level.  The group number of the element indicates number of valence electrons.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis symbol for ion ${\text{F}}^{\text{-}}$  has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Atoms are composed of three types of particles called subatomic particles.  They are as follows:

• Protons: Positively charged particles in an atom.
• Neutrons: Neutral charged particles in an atom.
• Electrons: Negatively charged particles in an atom.

The neutral atom has equal number of protons and electrons.  Gaining or loosing of electrons of an atom form ion.

Negative charged ions are formed by gaining one or more electrons and it has more electrons than protons.

Positive charged ions are formed by losing one or more electrons and it has more protons than electrons.

Lewis symbol:

A Lewis symbol is a pictorial representation of an element symbol surrounded by dots indicating number of electrons in the outer energy level.  The group number of the element indicates number of valence electrons.