Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation

8th Edition

ISBN: 9781285199030

Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher: Cengage Learning

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Atoms and Molecules

An atom is the smallest unit of an element that possesses all the properties of that particular element. Molecules are the smallest unit of a substance that possess all the properties of that particular substance.

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Textbook Question

Chapter 4, Problem 10ALQ

These questions concern the work of J. J. Thomson:

From Thomson’s work, which particles do you think he would feel are most important in the formation of compounds (chemical changes) and why?
Of the remaining two subatomic particles, which do you place second in importance for forming compounds and why?
Come up with three models that explain Thomson’s findings and evaluate them. To be complete you should include Thomson’s findings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Chapter 4 Solutions

Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation

Ch. 4.4 - Exercise 4.1 Write the formula for each of the...Ch. 4.5 - The average diameter of an atom ¡s1.31010 m. What...Ch. 4.5 - You have learned about three different models of...Ch. 4.7 - Exercise 4.2 Give the number of protons, neutrons,...Ch. 4.7 - Exercise 4.3 Give the number of protons, neutrons,...Ch. 4.7 - Exercise 4.4 Give the symbol for the phosphorus...Ch. 4.8 - Exercise 4.5 Give the symbol and atomic number for...Ch. 4.11 - Thomson and Rutherford helped to show that atoms...Ch. 4.11 - Prob. 4.6SC Ch. 4 - Knowing the number of protons in the atom of a...

Ch. 4 - The average mass of a carbon atom is 12.011....Ch. 4 - Prob. 3ALQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 4ALQ Ch. 4 - The vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid,C6H5NO2 ) can...Ch. 4 - One of the best indications of a useful theory is...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7ALQ Ch. 4 - How does Dalton’s atomic theory account for the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 9ALQ Ch. 4 - These questions concern the work of J. J. Thomson:...Ch. 4 - Heat is applied to an ice cube until only steam is...Ch. 4 - What makes a carbon atom different from a nitrogen...Ch. 4 - Hundreds of years ago, alchemists tried to turn...Ch. 4 - Chlorine has two prominent isotopes,37Cl and35Cl ....Ch. 4 - Prob. 15ALQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 16ALQ Ch. 4 - Rutherford was surprised when some of theparticles...Ch. 4 - It is good practice to actively read the textbook...Ch. 4 - Why is the term “sodium chloride molecule”...Ch. 4 - Both atomic elements and molecular elements exist....Ch. 4 - Now that you have gone through Chapter 4, go back...Ch. 4 - Write the formula for each of the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 23ALQ Ch. 4 - What were the four fundamental substances...Ch. 4 - Prob. 2QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 3QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 4QAP Ch. 4 - What are the live most abundant elements (by mass)...Ch. 4 - Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment Trace...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7QAP Ch. 4 - The symbols for most elements are based on the...Ch. 4 - Find the symbol in Column 2 for each name in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 10QAP Ch. 4 - Use the periodic table shown in Fig. 4.9 to find...Ch. 4 - Prob. 12QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 13QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 14QAP Ch. 4 - A given compound always contains the same...Ch. 4 - Correct each of the following misstatements from...Ch. 4 - Prob. 17QAP Ch. 4 - A given compound always contains the same relative...Ch. 4 - Based on the following word descriptions, write...Ch. 4 - Based on the following word descriptions, write...Ch. 4 - Scientists J. J. Thomson and William Thomson (Lord...Ch. 4 - True or false? Rutherford’s bombardment...Ch. 4 - Where are neutrons found in an atom? Are neutrons...Ch. 4 - What are the positively charged particles found in...Ch. 4 - Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the...Ch. 4 - The proton and the (electron/neutron) have almost...Ch. 4 - An average atomic nucleus has a diameter of about...Ch. 4 - Prob. 28QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 29QAP Ch. 4 - True or false? The mass number of a nucleus...Ch. 4 - For an isolated atom, why do we expect the number...Ch. 4 - Why do we not necessarily expect the number of...Ch. 4 - Dalton’s original atomic theory proposed that all...Ch. 4 - Prob. 34QAP Ch. 4 - For each of the following elements, use the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 36QAP Ch. 4 - Write the atomic symbol(ZAX) for each of the...Ch. 4 - Write the atomic symbol(ZAX) for each of the...Ch. 4 - How many protons and neutrons are contained in the...Ch. 4 - Read the Chemistry in Focus” segment “Whair”Do You...Ch. 4 - Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segmentIsotope...Ch. 4 - Complete the following table. Name Symbol Atomic...Ch. 4 - True or false? The elements are arranged in the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 44QAP Ch. 4 - List the characteristic physical properties that...Ch. 4 - Where are the metallic elements found on the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 47QAP Ch. 4 - List five nonmetallic elements that exist as...Ch. 4 - Under ordinary conditions, only a few pure...Ch. 4 - The elements that lie close to the “stair-step”...Ch. 4 - Prob. 51QAP Ch. 4 - Without looking at your textbook or the periodic...Ch. 4 - Prob. 53QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 54QAP Ch. 4 - Most substances are composed of _________ rather...Ch. 4 - Prob. 56QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 57QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 58QAP Ch. 4 - Molecules of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas are said...Ch. 4 - Give three examples of gaseous elements that exist...Ch. 4 - Prob. 61QAP Ch. 4 - If sodium chloride (table salt) is melted and then...Ch. 4 - Prob. 63QAP Ch. 4 - The two most common elemental forms of carbon are...Ch. 4 - An isolated atom has a net charge of ________ .Ch. 4 - Prob. 66QAP Ch. 4 - A simple ion with a 3+ charge (for example, A13+)...Ch. 4 - An ion that has two more electrons outside the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 69QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 70QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 71QAP Ch. 4 - True or false?N3 andP3 contain a different number...Ch. 4 - How many electrons are present in each of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 74QAP Ch. 4 - For the following processes that show the...Ch. 4 - For the following ions, indicate whether electrons...Ch. 4 - For each of the following atomic numbers, use the...Ch. 4 - On the basis of the element’s location in the...Ch. 4 - List some properties of a substance that would...Ch. 4 - Prob. 80QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 81QAP Ch. 4 - Prob. 82QAP Ch. 4 - For each of the following positive ions, use the...Ch. 4 - For each of the following negative ions, use the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 85AP Ch. 4 - Prob. 86AP Ch. 4 - Prob. 87AP Ch. 4 - Which of the following is/are true regarding the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 89AP Ch. 4 - Which subatomic particles contribute most to the...Ch. 4 - Is it possible for the same Iwo elements to form...Ch. 4 - Carbohydrates, a class of compounds containing the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 93AP Ch. 4 - How many protons and neutrons are contained in the...Ch. 4 - Though the common isotope of aluminum has a mass...Ch. 4 - Prob. 96AP Ch. 4 - Prob. 97AP Ch. 4 - What is the symbol for an ion with a 1 — charge....Ch. 4 - Prob. 99AP Ch. 4 - Prob. 100AP Ch. 4 - Prob. 101AP Ch. 4 - A metal ion with a 2+ charge contains 34 neutrons...Ch. 4 - Prob. 103AP Ch. 4 - Write the simplest formula for each of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 105AP Ch. 4 - Write the atomic symbol(ZAX) for each of the...Ch. 4 - How many protons and neutrons are contained in the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 108AP Ch. 4 - Prob. 109AP Ch. 4 - Prob. 110AP Ch. 4 - Prob. 111CP Ch. 4 - Prob. 112CP Ch. 4 - Complete the following table. Number of Protons...Ch. 4 - Prob. 114CP Ch. 4 - Using the periodic table, complete the following...Ch. 4 - Prob. 116CP Ch. 4 - Which of the following is(are) correct? a.40Ca2+...

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