Prescott's Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259281594
Author: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood Adjunt Professor Lecturer, Christopher J. Woolverton Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 34.7, Problem 3.3RIA
In addition to combinatorial joining, what other two processes play a role in antibody diversity?
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If the heavy chain of an antibody is approximately 450 amino acids long, how much DNA would be required to encode 10° separate heavy chain genes?
Antibody diversity is generated by multiple mechanisms, each of which contributes to the generation of antibodies with up to 1011 different amino acid sequences in their antigen-binding sites. Several of these mechanisms involve changes in the DNA sequences encoding the antibody heavy and light chain proteins. One mechanism that does not rely on changes to the DNA within the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain gene loci is, instead, dependent on:
The contributions of amino acids from both the heavy chain and the light chain to form the antigen-binding site
The random usage of V, D, and J gene segments to form the heavy chain V region sequence
The random usage of k light chains versus l light chains to pair with the heavy chain
The activity of TdT to add random nucleotides at the junctions between the V, J, and D region sequences
The fact that heavy chain V regions contain an extra gene segment encoded by the D region compared to light chain V regions
Name the two types of antibody light chains.
Chapter 34 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 34.2 - What does the term valence mean and how does an...Ch. 34.2 - Distinguish between self and nonself substances.Ch. 34.2 - Prob. 2RIACh. 34.2 - How does a hapten differ from an antigen?Ch. 34.3 - What are the types of adaptive immunity?Ch. 34.3 - What distinguishes natural from artificial...Ch. 34.3 - What are ways that active immunity is different...Ch. 34.3 - Of the four types of acquired immunity, which do...Ch. 34.4 - On what types of cells are MHC class I molecules...Ch. 34.4 - Prob. 2MI
Ch. 34.4 - What are MHCs and HLAs? Describe the roles of the...Ch. 34.4 - Prob. 2RIACh. 34.4 - Prob. 3RIACh. 34.4 - How are foreign peptides processed so as to...Ch. 34.5 - Prob. 1MICh. 34.5 - Prob. 1RIACh. 34.5 - Prob. 2RIACh. 34.5 - Describe antigen processing. How does this process...Ch. 34.5 - Prob. 4RIACh. 34.5 - Prob. 5RIACh. 34.5 - Prob. 6RIACh. 34.6 - Which cells are functioning as APCs in this...Ch. 34.6 - Prob. 1RIACh. 34.6 - Briefly compare and contrast B cells and T cells...Ch. 34.6 - Prob. 3RIACh. 34.6 - Prob. 4RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 1MICh. 34.7 - Prob. 2MICh. 34.7 - Prob. 3MICh. 34.7 - Prob. 1.1RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 1.2RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 1.3RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 1.4RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 2.1RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 2.2RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 2.3RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 2.4RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 2.5RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 3.1RIACh. 34.7 - Prob. 3.2RIACh. 34.7 - In addition to combinatorial joining, what other...Ch. 34.8 - What is the difference between a precipitation and...Ch. 34.8 - Prob. 1RIACh. 34.8 - Prob. 2RIACh. 34.8 - How does opsonization inhibit microbial adherence...Ch. 34.8 - Prob. 4RIACh. 34.9 - Prob. 1RIACh. 34.9 - How would you define anergy?Ch. 34.10 - Prob. 1MICh. 34.10 - Prob. 2MICh. 34.10 - Prob. 1.1RIACh. 34.10 - Prob. 1.2RIACh. 34.10 - Prob. 1.3RIACh. 34.10 - Prob. 1.4RIACh. 34.10 - Prob. 1.5RIACh. 34.10 - What is an autoimmune disease and how might it...Ch. 34.10 - Prob. 2.2RIACh. 34.10 - Prob. 2.3RIACh. 34.10 - Prob. 2.4RIACh. 34 - What properties of proteins make them suitable...Ch. 34 - What other biotechnologies could be invented based...Ch. 34 - Speculate as to how MHC, TCR, and BCR molecules...Ch. 34 - Prob. 4CHICh. 34 - Prob. 5CHICh. 34 - In an effort to better understand the mechanisms...Ch. 34 - Prob. 7CHI
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- In a particular species, the gene for the kappa light chain has 200 V segments and 4 J segments. In the gene for the lambda light chain, this species has 300 V segments and 6 J segments. If only the antibody diversity arising from somatic recombination is taken into consideration, how many different types of light chains are possible?arrow_forwardFor an Immunoprecipitation experiment: What is the function of the IP-2 tube in this experiment?arrow_forwardThe Fab regions of an antibody are made of which protein chain? A) a heavy chain containing only constant regions B) a light chain containing variable and constant regions C) a heavy chain containing variable and constant regions D) both a light chain and a heavy chain containing variable and constant regions E) both a light chain containing variable and constant regions and a heavy chain containing only constant regionsarrow_forward
- Briefly describe three ways that antibody diversity is increased.arrow_forwardBefore the mechanism for generating antibody diversity had been established, a mechanism based on protein folding around an antigen was proposed, primarily by Linus Pauling. In this model, antibodies that had different specificities had the same amino acid sequence but were folded in different ways. Propose a test of this model.arrow_forwardDescribe the three processes responsible for antibody diversity, estimating the diversity each produces.arrow_forward
- What is the variable region of an antibody? The hypervariable or complementarity-determining region? The constant region?arrow_forwardAntibodies are effective against bacteria as well as viruses, but some bacteria produce an enzyme that cuts immunoglobulin G molecules right at the “bend” to separate each antigen-binding “arm” from the “stem.” (a) What type of bond is broken by the bacterial enzyme and what type of reaction does this enzyme catalyze? (b) Would the action of the bacterial enzyme affect the ability of immunoglobulins to cross-link bacterial cells?.arrow_forwardalpha:beta TCRs are membrane-bound proteins comprised of two polypeptides linked by a disulfide bond. Both polypeptide components of the alpha:beta TCR are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and each of their domains share structural similarity with regions of antibody proteins. However, due to the different functions of TCRs versus antibodies, the overall domain organization of the TCR is not the same as for an antibody. In the figure below, describe three features that are incorrect illustrations of the alpha:beta TCR.arrow_forward
- Researchers can make monoclonal antibodies by immunizing a mouse with a molecule (or with a microorganism). The resulting antibody-mediated response produces a set of antibodies that recognize different parts of the molecule. The mouse's B cells are then harvested from its spleen and fused with cancerous B cells from a myeloma cell line. The resulting hybrid myeloma ("hybridoma") cells are cloned: Individual cells are grown in tissue culture as separate cell lines. Each cell line produces and secretes antibodies that recognize one part of the immunizing molecule. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies, and they can be purified and used for research or other purposes. Monoclonal antibodies are effective for passive immunization, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but monoclonals delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?arrow_forwardFor an Immunoprecipitation experiment:The cellular extract contains a protein labeled with a fluorescent dye, which emits green fluorescence under UV light. Explain your observations in IP-1, IP-2, and IP-3 tubes by considering the interaction among antibody 1 (or antibody 3), the fluorescent-labeled protein, and the protein-A agarose beads.arrow_forwardWhat is the smallest unit of an antibody that can retain the specificity and binding affinity of the whole protein?arrow_forward
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