Chapter 3, Problem 3E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reason behind equal potential energies for all four $s{p}^3$ -hybrid orbitals should be explained.

Concept introduction: Two or more of orbitals undergo redistributions of their different energies so as to form mathematically averaged orbitals in terms of energy although they may differ in shape and orientation. This phenomenon is referred as hybridization.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reason behind energy level line for $s{p}^3$ hybrid orbital placed three-quarters between the line for $2s$ and $2p$ should to be explained.

Concept introduction: Two or more of orbitals undergo redistributions of their different energies so as to form mathematically averaged orbitals in terms of energy although they may differ in shape and orientation. This phenomenon is referred as hybridization. The new hybrid orbitals are always equal in number to number of atomic orbitals that combine.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The diagram given below for $s{p}^3$ hybrid nitrogen should be completed.

  

Concept introduction: Two or more of orbitals undergo redistributions of their different energies so as to form mathematically averaged orbitals in terms of energy although they may differ in shape and orientation.

The energy and orientation of the new hybrid orbital depends upon by the kind and number of orbitals used in the hybridization. For instance, when one $2s$ and three $2p$ orbital combines to form four $s{p}^3$ hybrid orbital energy are redistributed so that each orbital gets equivalent share and they become degenerate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The second-row element shown in left diagram of below image and hybridization state in right diagram of below image should be identified.

  

Concept introduction: Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity states that electrons are not allowed to be paired up until each degenerate set of orbital has got at least one electron.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether the unpaired electrons in below figure are in accordance with Hund’s rule or not should be identified.

  

Concept introduction: Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity states that electrons are not allowed to be paired up until each degenerate set of orbital has got at least one electron.