Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry
Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780618974122
Author: Andrei Straumanis
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3, Problem 3E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reason behind equal potential energies for all four sp3 -hybrid orbitals should be explained.

Concept introduction: Two or more of orbitals undergo redistributions of their different energies so as to form mathematically averaged orbitals in terms of energy although they may differ in shape and orientation. This phenomenon is referred as hybridization.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reason behind energy level line for sp3 hybrid orbital placed three-quarters between the line for 2s and 2p should to be explained.

Concept introduction: Two or more of orbitals undergo redistributions of their different energies so as to form mathematically averaged orbitals in terms of energy although they may differ in shape and orientation. This phenomenon is referred as hybridization. The new hybrid orbitals are always equal in number to number of atomic orbitals that combine.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The diagram given below for sp3 hybrid nitrogen should be completed.

  Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry, Chapter 3, Problem 3E , additional homework tip  1

Concept introduction: Two or more of orbitals undergo redistributions of their different energies so as to form mathematically averaged orbitals in terms of energy although they may differ in shape and orientation.

The energy and orientation of the new hybrid orbital depends upon by the kind and number of orbitals used in the hybridization. For instance, when one 2s and three 2p orbital combines to form four sp3 hybrid orbital energy are redistributed so that each orbital gets equivalent share and they become degenerate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The second-row element shown in left diagram of below image and hybridization state in right diagram of below image should be identified.

  Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry, Chapter 3, Problem 3E , additional homework tip  2

Concept introduction: Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity states that electrons are not allowed to be paired up until each degenerate set of orbital has got at least one electron.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Whether the unpaired electrons in below figure are in accordance with Hund’s rule or not should be identified.

  Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry, Chapter 3, Problem 3E , additional homework tip  3

Concept introduction: Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity states that electrons are not allowed to be paired up until each degenerate set of orbital has got at least one electron.

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