
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The electron geometries of all nonhydrogen atoms in the four listed species are to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Electron geometry around an atom is determined on the basis of the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory. Electron geometry describes the orientation of the electron groups in an atom’s valence shell. An electron group is a lone pair or a bond between the two atoms. The bond, whether a single, double or triple, counts as just one electron group.
Since all electrons have the same charge, the electron groups repel each other. They try to move (orient themselves) as far away from each other as possible in order to minimize these repulsions. This results in a linear geometry (
The number of electron groups and geometry is determined on the basis of the Lewis structure of the molecule/ion.
(b)
Interpretation:
The hybridization of all nonhydrogen atoms in the given four species is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The concept of hybridization of atomic orbitals is used in Valence Bond (VB) Theory to account for the electron and molecular geometry around an atom. A hybrid orbital is a combination of one or more atomic orbitals from the valence shell of an atom. It typically involves an s orbital and a number of p orbitals from the valence shell, resulting in the same total number of hybrid orbitals of the same energy and shape. In heavy atoms, those from Group 3 onward, the valence shell d orbital may also be involved if the atom has an expanded octet. The orientation of these orbitals is same as the electron geometry of the atom. The number of hybrid orbitals required is the same as the number of electron groups. If the number of electron groups is two, two hybrid orbitals are needed. These are formed by a combination of the s and one p orbital, giving

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Chapter 3 Solutions
Organic Chemistry: Principles And Mechanisms: Study Guide/solutions Manual (second)
- Calculate the pH and the pOH of each of the following solutions at 25 °C for which the substances ionize completely: (a) 0.000259 M HClO4arrow_forwardWhat is the pH of a 1.0 L buffer made with 0.300 mol of HF (Ka = 6.8 × 10⁻⁴) and 0.200 mol of NaF to which 0.160 mol of NaOH were added?arrow_forwardDetermine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction. NaN₃arrow_forward
- A. Draw the structure of each of the following alcohols. Then draw and name the product you would expect to produce by the oxidation of each. a. 4-Methyl-2-heptanol b. 3,4-Dimethyl-1-pentanol c. 4-Ethyl-2-heptanol d. 5,7-Dichloro-3-heptanolarrow_forwardWhat is the pH of a 1.0 L buffer made with 0.300 mol of HF (Ka = 6.8 × 10⁻⁴) and 0.200 mol of NaF to which 0.160 mol of NaOH were added?arrow_forwardCan I please get help with this.arrow_forward
- Determine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction. N₂H₅ClO₄arrow_forwardPlease help me with identifying these.arrow_forwardCan I please get help with this?arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning

