COLLEGE PHYSICS
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781464196393
Author: Freedman
Publisher: MAC HIGHER
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Chapter 23, Problem 46QAP
To determine
At what angle with respect to the vertical must a scuba diver look in order to see her friend standing on the very distant shore?
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•45 When the rectangular metal
tank in Fig. 33-46 is filled to the top
with an unknown liquid, observer o-
O, with eyes level with the top of
the tank, can just see corner E. A
ray that refracts toward O at the top
surface of the liquid is shown. If
D = 85.0 cm and L = 1.10 m, what
-Normal to
liquid surface
is the index of refraction of the
liquid?
-L-
33.37 • BIO Heart Sonogram. Physicians use high-frequency
(f = 1–5 MHz) sound waves, called ultrasound, to image internal or-
gans. The speed of these ultrasound waves is 1480 m/s in muscle and
344 m/s in air. We define the index of refraction of a material for sound
waves to be the ratio of the speed of sound in air to the speed of sound
in the material. Snell's law then applies to the refraction of sound waves.
(a) At what angle from the normal does an ultrasound beam enter the
heart if it leaves the lungs at an angle of 9.73° from the normal to the
heart wall? (Assume that the speed of sound in the lungs is 344 m/s.)
(b) What is the critical angle for sound waves in air incident on muscle?
112 You look down at a coin that
lies at the bottom of a pool of liquid
of depth d and index of refractionn To left
(Fig. 34-57). Because you view with
two eyes, which intercept different
rays of light from the coin, you per-
To right
eye
eye
Air
ceive the coin to be where
extensions of the intercepted rays
cross, at depth d, instead of d.
Assuming that the intercepted rays
in Fig. 34-57 are close to a vertical
axis through the coin, show that d,
= din. (Hint: Use the small-angle
approximation sin 0 tan 6- 0.)
Figure 34-57 Problem 112.
Chapter 23 Solutions
COLLEGE PHYSICS
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- •34 G In Fig. 33-41, a beam of unpolarized light, with intensity 43 W/m?, is sent into a system of two polarizing sheets with polarizing directions at angles 6,= 70° and 02 = 90° to the y axis. What is the intensity of -x- Ө. the light transmitted by the system?arrow_forward94 Figure 35-57 shows an opti- cal fiber in which a central plastic core of index of refraction n, = 1.58 is surrounded by a plastic sheath of index of refraction n, = 1.53. Light can travel along dif- ferent paths within the central core, leading to different travel times through the fiber. This causes an initially short pulse of light to spread as it travels along the fiber, resulting in information loss. Consider light that travels directly along the central axis of the fiber and light that is repeatedly reflected at the critical angle along the core-sheath interface, reflecting from side to side as it travels down the central core. If the fiber length is 300 m, what is the difference in the travel times along these two routes? Figure 35-57 Problem 94.arrow_forwardPhysics v Q21 A convex lens made of glass, with refractive index (), is placed in a medium of refractive index . A parallel beam of light entering the lens diverges converges undergoes no refraction comes out as a parallel beam by itself. Physicsarrow_forward
- V:46)arrow_forwardPhysics Many nocturnal animals demonstrate the phenomenon of eyeshine, in which their eyes glow various colors at night when illuminated by a flashlight or the headlights of a car (see the photo). Their eyes react this way because of a thin layer of reflective tissue called the tapetum lucidum that is located directly behind the retina. This tissue reflects the light back through the retina, which increases the available light that can activate photoreceptors, and thus improve the animal’s vision in low-light conditions. If we assume the tapetum lucidum acts like a concave spherical mirror with a radius of curvature of 0.750 cm, how far in front of the tapetum lucidum would an image form of an object located 30.0 cm away? Neglect the effects of the other structures of the eye, such as the cornea and lens.arrow_forward--/0.5 Question 10 A beam of light of wavelength traveling in air is incident on a slab of transparent material. The incident beam makes an angle of 40.0°with the normal, and the refracted beam makes an angle of 26.0° with the normal. Find the index of refraction of the material. 0.47 1.47 2.47arrow_forward
- We know that the index of refraction of materials can help identify those materials. A light beam is shined onto a surface a reflected ray and is found to be completely polarized when the angle of incidence is 53.5°.(a) What is the index of refraction of the reflecting material? (b) What is the angle of refraction if some light passes through the surface of the material?°arrow_forward• A horizontal 5.0 mW laser beam that is vertically polar- 54 ized is incident on a polarizing sheet that is oriented with its trans- mission axis vertical. Behind the first sheet is a second sheet that is oriented so that its transmission axis makes an angle of 27° with re- spect to vertical. What is the power of the beam transmitted through the second sheet?arrow_forward33.21 • Light is incident along the normal on face AB of a glass prism of refractive index 1.52, as shown in Fig. E33.21. Find the largest value the angle a can hae without any light e- Incident fracted out of the prism at face AC if ray (a) the prism is immersed in air and (b) the prism is immered in waer. Figure E33.21arrow_forward
- Can a sound wave in the air be polarized? Explain.arrow_forward7 Figure 33-30 shows rays of monochromatic light propagating through three materials a, b, and c. Rank the materials according to the index of refraction, greatest first.arrow_forwardHow can you use total internal reflection to estimate the index of refraction of a medium?arrow_forward
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