Chapter 21, Problem 21.41AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of $\text{4-methyl-4-heptanol}$ form butyric acid by the use of any other reagents is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Organocuprate reagents $\left({\text{R}}_{\text{2}}\text{CuLi}\right)$ react with halides of organic compounds $\text{RX}$ to form coupling products. Only one R group is transferred to form the product, while the other becomes part of the reaction’s by-product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of $\text{2-methyl-2-pentanol}$ form butyric acid by the use of any other reagents is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Esters are formed by the reaction of an acid with an alcohol. The process of formation of esters is known as esterification.

Grignard reagents are organometallic compounds which are prepared using alkyl halides in the presence of magnesium metal in dry ether. These reagents act as strong nucleophiles and bases.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of $\text{4-heptanol}$ form butyric acid by the use of any other reagents is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The diisobutylaluminum hydride is a reducing agent. It is used in many organic syntheses reaction. The diisobutylaluminum hydride is represented as DIBAL. The diisobutylaluminum hydride can be used to convert an alkyne into an alkene.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$ from butyric acid by the use of any other reagents is to be predicetd.

Concept introduction:

The metal hydride reagents are good reducing agents such as ${\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}$. Lithium aluminum hydride is used in many organic syntheses as a reducing agent. Lithium aluminum hydride can reduce a carboxylic acid into ketone or aldehyde. The ketone or aldehyde can be further reduced to an alcohol.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$ form butyric acid by the use of any other reagents is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The metal hydride reagents are good reducing agents such as ${\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}$. Lithium aluminum hydride is used in many organic syntheses as a reducing agent. Lithium aluminum hydride can reduce a carboxylic acid into ketone or aldehyde. The ketone or aldehyde can be further reduced to an alcohol.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The synthesis of ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{NH}}_{\text{2}}$ form butyric acid by the use of any other reagents is to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

The metal hydride reagents are good reducing agents such as ${\text{LiAlH}}_{\text{4}}$. Lithium aluminum hydride is used in many organic syntheses as a reducing agent. Lithium aluminum hydride can reduce an amide into an amine.

The reaction of an acyl chloride with ammonia results in the formation of amide.