Biology 2e
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781947172517
Author: Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 17, Problem 27CTQ
How could a genetic map of the human genome help find a cure for cancer?
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a) Explain the difference between a genome and a transcriptome. Do all cells in an
organism have the same genomes and or transcriptomes?
b) Explain a method you could use to compare transcriptomes, and what you can
learn from comparing transcriptomes.
Researchers can isolate a sample of cells, such as skin fibroblasts, and grow them in the laboratory. This procedure is called a cell culture. A cell culture can be exposed to a sample of DNA. If the cells are treated with agents that make their membranes permeable to DNA, the cells may take up the DNA and incorporate it into their chromosomes. This process is called transformation or transfection. Scientists have transformed human skin fibroblasts with methylated DNA and then allowed the fibroblasts to divide for several cellular generations. The DNA in the daughter cells was then isolated, and the segment that corresponded to the transformed DNA was examined. This DNA segment in the daughter cells was also found to be methylated. However, if the original skin fibroblasts were transformed with unmethylated DNA, the DNA found in the daughter cells was also unmethylated. With regard to the transformed DNA, do fibroblasts perform de novo methylation, maintenance methylation, or both?…
All the cells of one organism share the same genome. However, during development, some cells develop into skin cells while others develop into muscle cells. Briefly explain how the same genetic instructions can result in two different cell types in the same organism.
Chapter 17 Solutions
Biology 2e
Ch. 17 - Figure 17.7 You are working in a molecular biology...Ch. 17 - Figure 17.8 Do you think Dolly was a Finn-Dorset...Ch. 17 - Figure 17.15 In 2011, the United States...Ch. 17 - GMOs are created by. generating genomic DNA...Ch. 17 - Gene therapy can be used to introduce foreign DNA...Ch. 17 - Insulin produced by molecular cloning is of pig...Ch. 17 - Bt toxin is considered to be. a gene for modifying...Ch. 17 - The Flavr Savr Tomato: is a variety of...Ch. 17 - generated after a cDNA library is made unique...Ch. 17 - Linkage analysis. is used to create a physical map...
Ch. 17 - Genetic recombination occurs by which process?...Ch. 17 - Individual genetic maps in a given species are:...Ch. 17 - Information obtained by microscopic analysis of...Ch. 17 - The chain termination method of sequencing uses...Ch. 17 - Whole-genome sequencing can be used for advances...Ch. 17 - Sequencing an individual person’s genome is...Ch. 17 - What is the most challenging issue facing genome...Ch. 17 - Genomics can be used in agriculture to generate...Ch. 17 - Genomics cam be used on a personal level to:...Ch. 17 - What is a biomarker? the color coding of different...Ch. 17 - A protein signature is: the path followed by a...Ch. 17 - Describe the precess of Southern blottingCh. 17 - A researcher wants to study cancer cells from a...Ch. 17 - How would a scientist introduce a gene for...Ch. 17 - If you had a chance to get your genome sequenced,...Ch. 17 - Why is so much effort being poured into genome...Ch. 17 - How could a genetic map of the human genome help...Ch. 17 - Explain why metagenomics is probably the most...Ch. 17 - How can genomics be used to predict disease risk...Ch. 17 - How has proteomics been used in cancer detection...Ch. 17 - What is personalized medicine?
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- What percentage of the DNA in the genome actually corresponds to genes? How much is actually protein-coding exons? What makes up the rest?arrow_forwardAlthough it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical problems, including potential tumors, broken bones, and dental cavities. Why is this done? What precautions need to be taken?arrow_forwardYou are an expert in DNA-repair mechanisms. You receive a sample of a human cell line derived from a woman who has symptoms of xeroderma pigmentosum. You determine that she has a mutation in a gene that has not been previously associated with XP. How is this possible?arrow_forward
- With regard to human cancer cells, which of the following statements is true? A. Cancer cells within one tumor usually do not share common mutations B. Cancer cells generally have lost the ability to divide C. Oncogenes are non-human genes not related to normal genes in the human genome D. Mutations in DNA repair genes result in an increased chance of getting cancer.arrow_forwardWhen the human genome sequence was finally completed, scientists were surprised to discover that the genome contains far fewer genes than expected. How many genes are present in the human genome? Scientists have also found that there are many more different kinds of proteins in the human cells that there are different genes in the genome. How can this be explained?arrow_forwardAll the cells of one organisms share the genome. However, during development, some cells develop into skin cells while others develop into muscle cells. How can the same genetic instructions result in two different cell types in the same organism? Thoroughly explain your answer.arrow_forward
- 1. What is a gene? 2. Where do genes reside in the cell? 3. What do genes produce? Use these sites to find the answer: https://genetics.thetech.org/about-genetics/how-do-genes-work https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/genearrow_forwardWhat is a gene? Why are genes for rRNA and tRNA considered to be genes even though they do not produce polypeptides?arrow_forwardA protein is normally secreted from the cell. A team of scientists attempts to redirect this protein to the inside of the nucleus by mutating the sequence of the gene. Unfortunately, after this mutation, the protein is no longer secreted, but it is now localized to the cytosol and not the nucleus. Briefly answer the two questions below: a. Identify the sequence that was mutated by the scientists and explain your reasoning. b. What additional mutation must be made by the scientists to redirect this protein to the nucleus? Explain your reasoningarrow_forward
- Mutagens, when introduced to the body can always cause cancer. Is this statement true? Select the correct response: No. Mutagens do not necessarily, directly equate to the cause of cancer. A cancer is usually caused by a substance called carcinogen that increases the probability of inducing a tumor. Mutagens can be limited to the result of spontaneous or induced mutations that causes changes and/or errors in the coding and reading of the DNA strand and in the genetic make- up of the organism involved. Though some mutagens are considered as carcinogens, not all mutagens can lead to cancer. Yes. The terms can be used interchangeably even in the medical field. Yes. Mutagens does equate to the cause of cancer. A cancer is usually caused by a substance called carcinogen that increases the probability of inducing a tumor. However, mutagens is not only limited to the result of spontaneous or induced mutations that causes changes and/or errors in the coding and reading of the DNA strand and in…arrow_forwardA controversial issue, closely related to cloning, that has caused a lot of debate is the use of embryonic stem cells. One possible application of these cells is that they may be able to supply replacement tissues to treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, paralysis due to spinal cord injuries, and other degenerative diseases. The word "embryonic", has caused fierce opposition to this type of research because embryos are destroyed when the stem cells are removed. Questions that have surfaced in this debate include: When a cell nucleus is transferred to another cell, have we created life? Does a stem cell have the same status as a human? What should be done with the embryos that are leftover at in vitro fertilization (IVF), clinics? Advocates argue that the medical benefits of stem cell research would be enormous. Opponents argue that life begins at conception and thus this type of research is abortion. Based on what you have read, explain why you are for or against stem…arrow_forwardWhat are the biggest challenges that mutations pose to oncologists and cancer biologists who seek to find novel cures against cancers?arrow_forward
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