Chapter 14, Problem 23E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{CF}}_{\text{4}}$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = Tetrahedral

Polarity = Non-polar

Hybridization = sp³

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{CF}}_{\text{4}}$ :

  $(1\times 4)+(4\times 7)=32$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{CF}}_{\text{4}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 4+ 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization =4= sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = tetrahedral (109 }°\text{)}\end{array}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{NF}}_{\text{3}}$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = pyramid

Polarity = polar

Hybridization = sp³

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{NF}}_{\text{3}}$ :

  $(1\times 5)+(3\times 7)=26$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{NF}}_{\text{3}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3+ 1}\\ {\text{Hybridization =4= sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = pyramid}\end{array}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{OF}}_2$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = bent

Polarity = polar

Hybridization = sp³

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{OF}}_2$ :

  $(1\times 6)+(2\times 7)=20$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{OF}}_2$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 2+ 2}\\ {\text{Hybridization =4= sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{ = bent}\end{array}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{BF}}_3$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = trigonal planer

Polarity = non-polar

Hybridization = sp²

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{BF}}_3$ :

  $(1\times 3)+(3\times 7)=24$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{BF}}_3$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 3+ 0}\\ {\text{Hybridization =3= sp}}^{\text{2}}\text{ = trigonal planer}\end{array}$

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{BeH}}_{\text{2}}$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = linear

Polarity = non-polar

Hybridization = sp

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{BeH}}_{\text{2}}$ :

  $(1\times 2)+(2\times 1)=4$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{BeH}}_{\text{2}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 2+ 0}\\ \text{Hybridization =2= sp = linear}\end{array}$

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{TeF}}_{\text{4}}$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = see-saw

Polarity = polar

Hybridization = sp³d

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{TeF}}_{\text{4}}$ :

  $(1\times 6)+(4\times 7)=34$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{TeF}}_{\text{4}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ \text{Hybridization = 4+ 1}\\ {\text{Hybridization =5= sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{d = see-saw}\end{array}$

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{AsF}}_{\text{5}}$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = trigonal bipyramid

Polarity = non-polar

Hybridization = sp³d

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{AsF}}_{\text{5}}$ :

  $(1\times 5)+(5\times 7)=40$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{AsF}}_{\text{5}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 5 +0 = 5 = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{d = trigonal bipyramidal}\end{array}$

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{KrF}}_{\text{2}}$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = linear

Polarity = non-polar

Hybridization = sp³d

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{KrF}}_{\text{2}}$ :

  $(1\times 8)+(2\times 7)=22$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{KrF}}_{\text{2}}$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 2 +3 = 5 = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{d = linear}\end{array}$

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{KrF}}_4$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = square planer

Polarity = non-polar

Hybridization = sp³d²

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{KrF}}_4$ :

  $(1\times 8)+(4\times 7)=36$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{KrF}}_4$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 4 +2 = 6 = sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}\text{ = square planer due to presence of 2 lone pairs}\end{array}$

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{SeF}}_6$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = octahedral

Polarity = non-polar

Hybridization = sp³d²

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{SeF}}_6$ :

  $(1\times 6)+(6\times 7)=48$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{SeF}}_6$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ {\text{Hybridization =6 +0 = 6 = sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}\text{ = octahedral}\end{array}$

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{IF}}_5$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = square pyramid

Polarity = polar

Hybridization = sp³d²

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{IF}}_5$ :

  $(1\times 7)+(5\times 7)=42$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{IF}}_5$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ {\text{Hybridization =5 +1 = 6 = sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}\text{ = square pyramidal ( due to presence of 1 lone pair)}\end{array}$

(l)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The Lewis structure, molecular structure and expected hybrid orbitals on central atom, polarity of ${\text{IF}}_3$ molecule needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Lewis dot structure is the representation which shows the bonding between atoms present in a molecule. It shows lone pairs and bond pairs that existing on each bonded atom. Lewis dot structure is also known as Lewis dot formula or electron dot structure.

The sum of valence electrons must be arranged in such a way that all atoms must get octet configuration (8 electrons).

  $\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}$

The polarity of molecule is determined with the help of presence of polar bond and symmetrical geometry.

Answer to Problem 23E

Molecular structure = T-shape

Polarity = polar

Hybridization = sp³d

  

Explanation of Solution

The bond formation between the atoms takes place due to the sharing of valence electrons of bonded atoms while the remaining electrons present in outer shell represented as lone pair of electrons. To draw the Lewis structure, calculate the total number of valence electrons in each atom and draw the structure in such a way that each atom gets its octet configuration.

Total number of valence electrons in ${\text{IF}}_3$ :

  $(1\times 7)+(3\times 7)=28$

Hence the best Lewis structure for ${\text{IF}}_3$ must be:

  

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pairs on bonded atoms}\text{.}\\ {\text{Hybridization = 3 +2 = 5 = sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{d = T-shape due to presence of 2 lone pair}\end{array}$