Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780321897398
Author: Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, David A. Stahl, Thomas Brock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 13.23, Problem 3MQ
- In which two ways does the ribulose monophosphate pathway save energy over reactions of the serine pathway?
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
Ch. 13.1 - What is the fundamental difference between an...Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.1 - Why can phototrophic green bacteria grow at light...Ch. 13.2 - In which phototrophs are carotenoids found?...Ch. 13.2 - How does the structure of a phycobilin compare...Ch. 13.2 - Phycocyanin is blue-green. What color of light...Ch. 13.3 - What parallels exist in the processes of...Ch. 13.3 - What is reverse electron flow and why is it...Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.4 - Differentiate between cyclic and noncyclic...
Ch. 13.4 - What is the key role of light energy in the...Ch. 13.4 - What evidence is there that anoxygenic and...Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.5 - How much NADPH and ATP is required to make one...Ch. 13.5 - Contrast autotrophy in the following phototrophs:...Ch. 13.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.7 - What enzyme is required for hydrogen bacteria to...Ch. 13.7 - Why is reverse electron flow unnecessary in H2...Ch. 13.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.8 - In terms of intermediates, how does the Sox system...Ch. 13.9 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.9 - What is the function of rusticyanin and where is...Ch. 13.9 - How can Fe2+ be oxidized under anoxic conditions?Ch. 13.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.10 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.11 - Why is acetate formation in fermentation...Ch. 13.12 - How can homo- and heterofermentative metabolism be...Ch. 13.12 - Butanediol production leads to greater ethanol...Ch. 13.13 - Compare the mechanisms for energy conservation in...Ch. 13.13 - What type of substrates are fermented by...Ch. 13.13 - What are the substrates for the Clostridium...Ch. 13.14 - Why does Propionigenium modestum require sodium...Ch. 13.14 - Of what benefit is the organism Oxalobacter to...Ch. 13.14 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.15 - Give an example of interspecies H2 transfer. Why...Ch. 13.15 - Why can a pure culture of Syntrophomonas grow on...Ch. 13.16 - How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic...Ch. 13.16 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.17 - For Escherichia coli, why is more energy released...Ch. 13.17 - How do the products of NO3 reduction differ...Ch. 13.17 - Where is the dissimilative nitrate reductase found...Ch. 13.18 - How is SO42 converted to SO32 during dissimilative...Ch. 13.18 - Contrast the growth of Desulfovibrio on H2 versus...Ch. 13.18 - Give an example of sulfur disproportionation.Ch. 13.19 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.19 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.19 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.20 - Which coenzymes function as C1 carriers in...Ch. 13.20 - In methanogens growing on H2 + CO2, how is carbon...Ch. 13.20 - How is ATP made in methanogenesis when the...Ch. 13.21 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.21 - What is reductive dechlorination and why is it...Ch. 13.21 - How does anaerobic glucose catabolism differ in...Ch. 13.22 - How do monooxygenases differ in function from...Ch. 13.22 - What is the final product of catabolism of a...Ch. 13.22 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.23 - When using CH4 as electron donor, why is...Ch. 13.23 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.23 - In which two ways does the ribulose monophosphate...Ch. 13.24 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.24 - How is hexane oxygenated during anoxic catabolism?Ch. 13.24 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13 - Prob. 1RQCh. 13 - Prob. 2RQCh. 13 - What accessory pigments are present in...Ch. 13 - Prob. 4RQCh. 13 - Prob. 5RQCh. 13 - Prob. 6RQCh. 13 - REVIEW QUESTIONS
7. What two enzymes are unique to...Ch. 13 - Prob. 8RQCh. 13 - Prob. 9RQCh. 13 - QWhich inorganic electron donors are used by the...Ch. 13 - Prob. 11RQCh. 13 - Define the term substrate-level phosphorylation:...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13RQCh. 13 - Prob. 14RQCh. 13 - Prob. 15RQCh. 13 - Prob. 16RQCh. 13 - Prob. 17RQCh. 13 - Prob. 18RQCh. 13 - Compare and contrast acetogens with methanogens in...Ch. 13 - Compare and contrast ferric iron reduction with...Ch. 13 - How do monooxygenases differ from dioxygenases in...Ch. 13 - Prob. 22RQCh. 13 - Prob. 23RQCh. 13 - Prob. 1AQCh. 13 - The growth rate of the phototrophic purple...Ch. 13 - Prob. 3AQCh. 13 - A fatty acid such as butyrate cannot be fermented...Ch. 13 - When methane is made from CO2 (plus H2) or from...
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- What are the main functions of the pentose phosphate pathway? Why do different mammalian tissues require different regulations of the pentose phosphate pathway?arrow_forwardDraw a simple diagram that shows the connection between the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the connection between the pentose phosphate pathway and the Embden-Meyerhof pathwayarrow_forwardA mutation has occurred that results in phosphofructokinase not being able to bind ATP in its allosteric site. What impact will this mutation have on the production of ATP in the cell? Select one: a. If no ATP can bind to the allosteric site, then phosphofructokinase will not be able to add the phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate to make fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and glycolysis will not work. So no pyruvate, not cellular respiration. b. If ATP cannot bind to the allosteric site, phosphofructokinase will not be activated to make more ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. c. No impact on the production but will not be able to effectively shut off over production of ATP with feedback inhibition.arrow_forward
- Explain the logic behind having [ADP] regulate the conversion of ribose-5-phosphate to PRPP. Does ADP inhibit or activate this reaction?arrow_forwardWhich reactions of the citric acid cycle transfer energy as FADH2?arrow_forwardFrom the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose → 6CO2), how many total nucleotide triphosphates are yielded (be sure to deduct payback) as part of substrate level phosphorylation?arrow_forward
- How can the synthesis and breakdown of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate be controlled independently?arrow_forwardWhat is the mechanism of an enzyme reaction involving a coenzyme for Nucleophilic Addition Rxns? Givearrow_forwardThe reaction catalyzed by phosphorylase is readily reversible in vitro. At pH 6.8, the equilibrium ratio of orthophosphate to glucose 1-phosphate is 3.6. The value of ΔG°’ for this reaction is small because a glycosidic bond is replaced by a phosphoryl ester bond that has a nearly equal transfer potential. However, phosphorolysis proceeds far in the direction of glycogen breakdown in vivo. Suggest one means by which the reaction can be made irreversible in vivo.arrow_forward
- Lysozyme is an enzyme that hydrolyzes bacterial cell wall polysaccharides. When this reaction is carried out in the presence of H218O, it is observed that there is retention of configuration at the C1 carbon of the D site sugar as shown below: Would this result suggest that the enzyme mechanism involves the direct nucleophilic attack of water at C1 or that the enzyme mechanism involves attack by a nucleophilic amino acid side chain of the enzyme that generates a transient covalent intermediate?arrow_forwardThe M and H subunits of lactate dehydrogenase have very similar sizes and shapes but differ in amino acidcomposition. If the only difference between the two were that theH subunit had a glutamic acid in a position where the M subunithad a serine, how would the five isozymes of LDH separate on electrophoresis using a gel at pH 8.6?arrow_forwardProvide an illustration showing the broken down of C7 fatty acid into its corresponding end products. What are the products being generated and how much of these products are generated from C7 fatty acids? Briefly explain it.arrow_forward
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