Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780321897398
Author: Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, David A. Stahl, Thomas Brock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 13, Problem 2AQ
The growth rate of the phototrophic purple bacterium Rhodobacter is about twice as fast when the organism is grown phototrophically in a medium containing malate as the carbon source as when it is grown with CO2 as the carbon source (with H2 as the electron donor). Discuss the reasons why this is true, and list the nutritional class in which we would place Rhodobacter when growing under each of the two different conditions.
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Examine the graph shown below of a liquid culture growth curve for S. pneumoniaegrowing in minimal broth containing both glucose and lactose in equal concentrations as a potential carbon source. Answer the following questions:
a) Name the growth phases labelled as I, II and III, explain the observed pattern of growth at each of these stages in the curve
b) Where would the concentration of cAMP be low and why?
c) In what phase would β-galactosidase be high and why?
d) What kind of overall growth pattern does this curve illustrate?
Sydney Brenner isolated Salmonella typhimurium mutants that were
implicated in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and would not grow on
minimal medium. When these bacterial mutants were tested on minimal
medium to which one of four compounds (indole glycerol phosphate,
indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan) had been added, the growth
responses shown in the following table were obtained.
Mutant
Minimal
medium
Anthranilic Indole glycerol
acid
Indole Tryptoph
phosphate
trp-1
trp-2
trp-3
trp-4
trp-6
trp-7
trp-8
trp-9
trp-10
trp-11 -
Give the order of indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and
tryptophan in a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of
tryptophan. Indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the
mutations.
+ 1 + 1 II
A 3.0 L batch bioreactor is used to grow E. coli bacteria, which have an initial concentration of 12.5 g cells/L. The growth medium contains two carbon sources, which causes diauxic growth, with each carbon source limiting cell growth. Sufficient supplies of oxygen, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) as a nitrogen source and all other macro and micronutrients are available. The bacteria prefer to grow on glucose (C6H12O6, supplied at 80 g/L), so it is consumed first, followed by glycerol (C3H803, supplied at 68 g/L). Since the E. coli were already growing on glucose, the lag time associated with glucose consumption is only 10 minutes. The lag time associated with glycerol consumption is 35 minutes.
Further information: The chemical formula for E. coli in this bioreactor is CH1.666N0.2000.57. The specific growth rate on glucose is 0.41 h-1, and on glycerol is 0.32 h-1?The yield of cells on glucose is 0.48 g cells/g glucose, and yield on glycerol is 0.39 g cells/g glycerol. You may assume that…
Chapter 13 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
Ch. 13.1 - What is the fundamental difference between an...Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.1 - Why can phototrophic green bacteria grow at light...Ch. 13.2 - In which phototrophs are carotenoids found?...Ch. 13.2 - How does the structure of a phycobilin compare...Ch. 13.2 - Phycocyanin is blue-green. What color of light...Ch. 13.3 - What parallels exist in the processes of...Ch. 13.3 - What is reverse electron flow and why is it...Ch. 13.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.4 - Differentiate between cyclic and noncyclic...
Ch. 13.4 - What is the key role of light energy in the...Ch. 13.4 - What evidence is there that anoxygenic and...Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.5 - How much NADPH and ATP is required to make one...Ch. 13.5 - Contrast autotrophy in the following phototrophs:...Ch. 13.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.7 - What enzyme is required for hydrogen bacteria to...Ch. 13.7 - Why is reverse electron flow unnecessary in H2...Ch. 13.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.8 - In terms of intermediates, how does the Sox system...Ch. 13.9 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.9 - What is the function of rusticyanin and where is...Ch. 13.9 - How can Fe2+ be oxidized under anoxic conditions?Ch. 13.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.10 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.11 - Why is acetate formation in fermentation...Ch. 13.12 - How can homo- and heterofermentative metabolism be...Ch. 13.12 - Butanediol production leads to greater ethanol...Ch. 13.13 - Compare the mechanisms for energy conservation in...Ch. 13.13 - What type of substrates are fermented by...Ch. 13.13 - What are the substrates for the Clostridium...Ch. 13.14 - Why does Propionigenium modestum require sodium...Ch. 13.14 - Of what benefit is the organism Oxalobacter to...Ch. 13.14 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.15 - Give an example of interspecies H2 transfer. Why...Ch. 13.15 - Why can a pure culture of Syntrophomonas grow on...Ch. 13.16 - How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic...Ch. 13.16 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.17 - For Escherichia coli, why is more energy released...Ch. 13.17 - How do the products of NO3 reduction differ...Ch. 13.17 - Where is the dissimilative nitrate reductase found...Ch. 13.18 - How is SO42 converted to SO32 during dissimilative...Ch. 13.18 - Contrast the growth of Desulfovibrio on H2 versus...Ch. 13.18 - Give an example of sulfur disproportionation.Ch. 13.19 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.19 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.19 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.20 - Which coenzymes function as C1 carriers in...Ch. 13.20 - In methanogens growing on H2 + CO2, how is carbon...Ch. 13.20 - How is ATP made in methanogenesis when the...Ch. 13.21 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.21 - What is reductive dechlorination and why is it...Ch. 13.21 - How does anaerobic glucose catabolism differ in...Ch. 13.22 - How do monooxygenases differ in function from...Ch. 13.22 - What is the final product of catabolism of a...Ch. 13.22 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13.23 - When using CH4 as electron donor, why is...Ch. 13.23 - Prob. 2MQCh. 13.23 - In which two ways does the ribulose monophosphate...Ch. 13.24 - Prob. 1MQCh. 13.24 - How is hexane oxygenated during anoxic catabolism?Ch. 13.24 - Prob. 3MQCh. 13 - Prob. 1RQCh. 13 - Prob. 2RQCh. 13 - What accessory pigments are present in...Ch. 13 - Prob. 4RQCh. 13 - Prob. 5RQCh. 13 - Prob. 6RQCh. 13 - REVIEW QUESTIONS
7. What two enzymes are unique to...Ch. 13 - Prob. 8RQCh. 13 - Prob. 9RQCh. 13 - QWhich inorganic electron donors are used by the...Ch. 13 - Prob. 11RQCh. 13 - Define the term substrate-level phosphorylation:...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13RQCh. 13 - Prob. 14RQCh. 13 - Prob. 15RQCh. 13 - Prob. 16RQCh. 13 - Prob. 17RQCh. 13 - Prob. 18RQCh. 13 - Compare and contrast acetogens with methanogens in...Ch. 13 - Compare and contrast ferric iron reduction with...Ch. 13 - How do monooxygenases differ from dioxygenases in...Ch. 13 - Prob. 22RQCh. 13 - Prob. 23RQCh. 13 - Prob. 1AQCh. 13 - The growth rate of the phototrophic purple...Ch. 13 - Prob. 3AQCh. 13 - A fatty acid such as butyrate cannot be fermented...Ch. 13 - When methane is made from CO2 (plus H2) or from...
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- A 3.0 L batch bioreactor is used to grow E. coli bacteria, which have an initial concentration of 12.5 g cells/L. The growth medium contains two carbon sources, which causes diauxic growth, with each carbon source limiting cell growth. Sufficient supplies of oxygen, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) as a nitrogen source and all other macro and micronutrients are available. The bacteria prefer to grow on glucose (C6H12O6, supplied at 80 g/L), so it is consumed first, followed by glycerol (C3H8O3, supplied at 68 g/L). Since the E. coli were already growing on glucose, the lag time associated with glucose consumption is only 10 minutes. The lag time associated with glycerol consumption is 35 minutes. Further information: The chemical formula for E. coli in this bioreactor is CH1.666N0.20O0.57. The specific growth rate on glucose is 0.41 h-1 , and on glycerol is 0.32 h-1 . The yield of cells on glucose is 0.48 g cells/g glucose, and yield on glycerol is 0.39 g cells/g glycerol. You may assume that…arrow_forwardSydney Brenner isolated Salmonella typhimurium mutants that were implicated in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and would not grow on minimal medium. When these bacterial mutants were tested on minimal medium to which one of four compounds (indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan) had been added, the growth responses shown in the following table were obtained. Mutant Minimal medium Anthranilic acid Indole glycerol phosphate Indole Tryptophan trp-1 − − − − + trp-2 − − + + + trp-3 − − − + + trp-4 − − + + + trp-6 − − − − + trp-7 − − − − + trp-8 − + − − + trp-9 − − − − + trp-10 − − − − + trp-11 − − − − + Give the order of indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan in a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of tryptophan. Indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the mutations.arrow_forwardEscherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen and can cause serious illness in humans by producing toxins that can severely damage the lining of intestines and kidneys. What are the oxygen requirements of coli? What result would you observe in the MTM agar deep test? Explain. Research on the growth requirements of this bacterium is required. What is the role of oxygen and cytochrome c oxidase in aerobic respiration? Why does the nitrate reduction tube turn red after the addition of zinc? Clostridium tetani is a common soil bacterium and causes tetanus. Would you expect tetani to possess the enzyme catalase? Explain. Research on the growth requirements of this bacterium is required.arrow_forward
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