Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780470501979
Author: Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt, Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine
Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 12.25P
Assuming the earth’s surface is black, estimate its temperature if the sun has an equivalent blackbody temperature of
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
Ch. 12 - Consider an opaque horizontal plate that is well...Ch. 12 - A horizontal, opaque surface at a steady-state...Ch. 12 - The top surface of an L=5mmthick anodized aluminum...Ch. 12 - A horizontal semitransparent plate is uniformly...Ch. 12 - What is the irradiation at surfaces A2 , A3 , and...Ch. 12 - According to its directional distribution, solar...Ch. 12 - Solar radiation incident on the earth’s surface...Ch. 12 - On an overcast day the directional distribution of...Ch. 12 - During radiant heat treatment of a thin-film...Ch. 12 - A small radiant heat source of area A1=2x104m2...
Ch. 12 - Determine the fraction of the total, hemispherical...Ch. 12 - The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted...Ch. 12 - Consider a 5-mm-square, diffuse surface A0 having...Ch. 12 - Assuming blackbody behavior, determine the...Ch. 12 - The dark surface of a ceramic stove top may be...Ch. 12 - The energy flux associated with solar radiation...Ch. 12 - A small flat plate is positioned just beyond the...Ch. 12 - A spherical aluminum shell of inside diameter D=2m...Ch. 12 - The extremely high temperatures needed to trigger...Ch. 12 - An enclosure has an inside area of 100m2 , and its...Ch. 12 - Assuming the earth’s surface is black, estimate...Ch. 12 - A proposed method for generating electricity from...Ch. 12 - Approximations to Planck’s law for the spectral...Ch. 12 - Estimate the wavelength corresponding to maximum...Ch. 12 - A furnace with a long, isothermal, graphite tube...Ch. 12 - Isothermal furnaces with small apertures...Ch. 12 - For materials A and B, whose spectral...Ch. 12 - A small metal object, initially at Ti=1000K ,is...Ch. 12 - The directional total emissivity of nonmetallic...Ch. 12 - Consider the metallic surface of Example 12.7....Ch. 12 - The spectral, directional emissivity of a diffuse...Ch. 12 - Consider the directionally selective surface...Ch. 12 - A sphere is suspended in air in a dark room and...Ch. 12 - Estimate the total, hemispherical emissivity for...Ch. 12 - Sheet steel emerging from the hot roll section of...Ch. 12 - A large body of nonluminous gas at a temperature...Ch. 12 - An opaque surface with the prescribed spectral,...Ch. 12 - The spectral reflectivity distribution for white...Ch. 12 - A diffuse, opaque surface at 700 K has spectral...Ch. 12 - The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an...Ch. 12 - The spectral, hemispherical absorptivity of an...Ch. 12 - Consider an opaque, diffuse surface for which the...Ch. 12 - Radiation leaves a furnace of inside surface...Ch. 12 - The spectral transmissivity of a 1-mm-thick layer...Ch. 12 - The spectral transmissivity of plain and tinted...Ch. 12 - Referring to the distribution of the spectral...Ch. 12 - The spectral absorptivity and spectral...Ch. 12 - Consider a large furnace with opaque, diffuse,...Ch. 12 - Four diffuse surfaces having the spectral...Ch. 12 - The spectral transmissivity of a 50m -thick...Ch. 12 - An opaque, horizontal plate has a thickness of...Ch. 12 - Two small surfaces, A and B, are placed inside an...Ch. 12 - Consider an opaque, diffuse surface whose spectral...Ch. 12 - The 50-mm peephole of a large furnace operating at...Ch. 12 - The window of a large vacuum chamber is fabricated...Ch. 12 - A thermograph is a device responding to the...Ch. 12 - A radiation thermometer is a radiometer calibrated...Ch. 12 - A radiation detector has an aperture of area...Ch. 12 - A small anodized aluminum block at 35C is heated...Ch. 12 - Consider the diffuse, gray opaque disk A1 , which...Ch. 12 - A two-color pyrometer is a device that is used to...Ch. 12 - An apparatus commonly used for measuring the...Ch. 12 - A procedure for measuring the thermal conductivity...Ch. 12 - One scheme for extending the operation of gas...Ch. 12 - The equipment for heating a wafer during a...Ch. 12 - Neglecting the effects of radiation absorption,...Ch. 12 - Consider the evacuated tube solar collector...Ch. 12 - Solar flux of 900W/m2 is incident on the top side...Ch. 12 - Consider an opaque, gray surface whose directional...Ch. 12 - A contractor must select a roof covering material...Ch. 12 - It is not uncommon for the night sky temperature...Ch. 12 - Plant leaves possess small channels that connect...Ch. 12 - In the central receiver concept of solar energy...Ch. 12 - Radiation from the atmosphere or sky can be...Ch. 12 - A thin sheet of glass is used on the roof of a...Ch. 12 - Growers use giant fans to prevent grapes from...Ch. 12 - A circular metal disk having a diameter of 0.4 m...Ch. 12 - The neighborhood cat likes to sleep on the roof of...Ch. 12 - The exposed surface of a power amplifier for an...Ch. 12 - Consider a thin opaque, horizontal plate with an...Ch. 12 - The oxidized-aluminum wing of an aircraft has a...Ch. 12 - Two plates, one with a black painted surface and...Ch. 12 - A radiator on a proposed satellite solar power...Ch. 12 - A radiator on a proposed satellite solar power...Ch. 12 - A spherical satellite in near-earth orbit is...Ch. 12 - An annular fin of thickness t is used as a...Ch. 12 - The directional absorptivity of a gray surface...Ch. 12 - Two special coatings are available for application...Ch. 12 - Consider the spherical satellite of Problem...Ch. 12 - A spherical capsule of 3-m radius is fired from a...Ch. 12 - Consider the spherical satellite of Problem...Ch. 12 - A solar panel mounted on a spacecraft has an area...Ch. 12 - It is known that on clear nights a thin layer of...Ch. 12 - A shallow layer of water is exposed to the natural...Ch. 12 - A roof-cooling system, which operates by...Ch. 12 - A wet towel hangs on a clothes line under...Ch. 12 - Our students perform a laboratory experiment to...
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- Determine the rate of radiant heat emission in watts per square meter from a blackbody at (a) 15C, (b) 600C, and (c) 5700C.arrow_forwardTwo large parallel plates with surface conditions approximating those of a blackbody are maintained at 816C and 260C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer by radiation between the plates in W/m2 and the radiative heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K.arrow_forward11.31 A large slab of steel 0.1 m thick contains a 0.1 -m-di- ameter circular hole whose axis is normal to the surface. Considering the sides of the hole to be black, specify the rate of radiative heat loss from the hole. The plate is at 811 K, and the surroundings are at 300 K.arrow_forward
- 11.68 Two infinitely large, black, plane surfaces are 0.3 m apart, and the space between them is filled by an isothermal gas mixture at 811 K and atmospheric pressure. The gas mixture consists of by volume. If one of the surfaces is maintained at 278 K and the other at 1390 K, calculate (a) the effective emissivity of the gas at its temperature, (b) the effective absorptivity of the gas to radiation from the 1390 K surface, (c) the effective absorptivity of the gas to radiation from the 278 K surface, and (d) the net rate of heat transfer to the gas per square meter of surface area.arrow_forward1.26 Repeat Problem 1.25 but assume that the surface of the storage vessel has an absorbance (equal to the emittance) of 0.1. Then determine the rate of evaporation of the liquid oxygen in kilograms per second and pounds per hour, assuming that convection can be neglected. The heat of vaporization of oxygen at –183°C is .arrow_forwardAssuming sun to be a black body emitting radiation with maximum intensity at A = 0.5 u calculatione the temperature of the surface of the sun and the heat lux at its surface.arrow_forward
- 1.24 Asphalt pavements on hot summer days exhibit surface tempera- tures of approximately 50 °C. Consider such a surface to cmit as a blackbody and calculate the emitted radiant energy per unit surface area. Ans 617 W/marrow_forward55. At what net rate does heat radiate from a 275-m² black roof on a night when the roof's temperature is 30.0°C and the surrounding temperature is 15.0°C? The emissivity of the roof is o.900.arrow_forwardA small circular surface of area A1=2 cm2located at the center of a 2-m-diameter sphere emits radiation as a blackbody at T1= 1000 K. Determine the rate at which radiation energy is streaming through a D2=1-cm-diameter hole located (a) on top of the sphere directly aboveA1and (b) on the side of the sphere such that the line that connects the centres of A1 and A2 makes 45° with surface A1. (c) Repeat it for a 4-m diameter sphere.arrow_forward
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