Prescott's Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259281594
Author: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood Adjunt Professor Lecturer, Christopher J. Woolverton Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 10.4, Problem 4RIA
In general terms, how is ΔG°′ related to ΔE′0? What is the ΔE′0 when electrons flow from the NAD+/NADH redox pair to the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox pair? How does this compare to the ΔE′0 when electrons flow from the Fe3+/Fe2+ conjugate redox pair to the
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It is estimated that each electron pair donated by NADH leads to the synthesis of approximately three ATP molecules, whereas each electron pair donated by FADH2 leads to the synthesis of approximately two ATP molecules. What is the underlying reason for the difference in yield for electrons donated by FADH2 versus NADH?
An iron-sulfur protein in Complex 3 donates an electron to cytochrome c1. The reduction half-reactions and Eº' values are shown below. a) write the balanced equation for the reaction and calculate the standard free energy change. b) How can you account for the fact that this reaction occurs spontaneously in the cell?
FeS(ox) + e- ---> FeS(red) Eº' = 0.280 V
cyt c1 (Fe3+) + e- ---> cyt c1 (Fe2+) Eº' = 0.215 V
Using the data in this table, what is the AG° (in KJ/mol) for the reduction of FAD by water?
Chapter 10 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 10.1 - Figure 10.2 The Relationship of G to the...Ch. 10.1 - What kinds of work are carried out in a cell?...Ch. 10.1 - What is thermodynamics? Summarize the first and...Ch. 10.1 - Define entropy and enthalpy. Do living cells...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 4RIACh. 10.1 - Prob. 5RIACh. 10.2 - Why is ATP called a high-energy molecule? How is...Ch. 10.2 - Describe the energy cycle and ATPs role in it....Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 1MICh. 10.3 - Prob. 2MI
Ch. 10.4 - Figure 10.6 Electron Movement and Reduction...Ch. 10.4 - How is the direction of electron flow between...Ch. 10.4 - When electrons flow from the NAD+/NADH conjugate...Ch. 10.4 - Which among the following would be the best...Ch. 10.4 - In general terms, how is G related to E0? What is...Ch. 10.4 - Name and briefly describe the major electron...Ch. 10.6 - Will an enzyme with a relatively high Km have a...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 2MICh. 10.6 - What is an apoenzyme? A holoenzyme? What are the...Ch. 10.6 - Illustrate the effect enzymes have on the...Ch. 10.6 - How does enzyme activity change with substrate...Ch. 10.6 - What special properties might an enzyme isolated...Ch. 10.6 - What are competitive and noncompetitive...Ch. 10.6 - How are enzymes and ribozymes similar? How do they...Ch. 10.7 - Figure 10.19 Allosteric Regulation. The structure...Ch. 10.7 - Figure 10.21 Feedback Inhibition. Feedback...Ch. 10.7 - Briefly describe the three ways a metabolic...Ch. 10.7 - Define the terms metabolic channeling and...Ch. 10.7 - Define allosteric enzyme and allosteric effector.Ch. 10.7 - Prob. 4RIACh. 10.7 - Prob. 5RIACh. 10.7 - What is the significance of the fact that...Ch. 10 - Examine the structures of macromolecules in...Ch. 10 - Most enzymes do not operate at their biochemical...Ch. 10 - Examine the branched pathway shown here for the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 4CHI
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- The Eo values for the NAD/NADH and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate/1,3- Bisphosphoglycerate conjugate redox pairs are -0.32 V and -0.19 V, respectively. Beginning with 1 M concentrations of each reactant and product at pH 7 and 25 C, which statement is TRUE? Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate would become oxidized; NAD would become reduced. No reaction would occur because all reactants and products are already at their standard concentrations. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate would become oxidized; NADH2 would be unchanged because it is a cofactor. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate would become oxidized; NAD and NADH would become reduced. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate would become reduced; NADH would become oxidized.arrow_forwardBelow are the reduction reactions for oxygen and FAD. ½202 + 2e + 2H+ → H20 E°' = 0.83 V FAD + 2e + 2H* → FADH2 E" = -0.22 V What is the potential (E") for the oxidation of FADH by oxygen? What is the AG®' for the oxidation of FADH, by oxygen? If we assume that the pumping of protons in conjunction with the oxidation of FADH, requires 120 kJ, what percentage of the energy from FADH oxidation is stored in the proton gradient (think about how many protons are pumped when FADH, transfers electrons to oxygen)?arrow_forwardShown below are reduction potentials for four half-reactions. Which of the coupled reactions is favorable? (Note that for Cytochrome c you must multiply the reduction potential by 2 for each coupled reaction because only one electron is involved) a) 2 Cytochrome c (Fe3+) + H2O ó 2 Cytochrome c (Fe2+) + O2 b) NADH + Succinate- ó NAD+ + Fumarate- c) Fumarate- + H2O ó Succinate- + O2 d) All of the abovearrow_forward
- Under standard conditions, will the following reactions proceed spontaneously as written? (1) Fumarate + NADH + H+ (2) succinate + NAD+ Cyto a (Fe²+) + cyto b (Fe³+) = cyto a (Fe³+) + cyto 6 (Fe²+) barrow_forwardwhich staments are falsearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements are False?arrow_forward
- Chambers and coworkers have reported [NAD+] and [NADH] concentrations in yeast mitochondria as 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. Consider the Malate Dehydrogenase reaction below: Malate + NAD+ → Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ∆G0’ = +29.7 kJ/mol If Malate concentration in yeast mitochondria is 0.4 mM what is the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate needed to make the reaction exergonic at pH 7.0 and 370C?arrow_forwardThe standard free energy variation of the ATP hydrolysis reaction is ΔGº’ = -30.5 kJ / mol ATP + H2O ⇄ ADP + Pi In red blood cells, when the concentration of Pi is 1.6 mM, the real change in energy free is ΔG = - 50'2 kJ / mol. a) Calculate under these conditions what is the ratio [ATP] / [ADP] in the red blood cells. b) Determine the equilibrium constant K 'of the reaction outlined above. c) If the ADP concentration were 0.2mM, what would be the effective concentration of ATP corresponding to equilibrium.arrow_forwardWhen electrons flow from the NAD+ /NADH conjugate redox pair to the 1/2 O2/H2O redox pair, does the reaction begin with NAD1 or with NADH? What is produced—O2 or H2O?arrow_forward
- The half-reactions involved in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reaction and their standard reduction potentials are (see attached)). Calculate ΔG at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the following conditions: (a) [lactate]/[pyruvate] = 1 and [NAD+]/[NADH] = 1. (b) [lactate]/[pyruvate] = 160 and [NAD+]/[NADH] = 160. (c) [lactate]/[pyruvate] = 1000 and [NAD+]/[NADH] = 1000. (d) Discuss the eff ect of the concentration ratios in Parts a–c on the direction of the reaction.arrow_forwardThe standard reduction potentials for some important cellular compounds are shown below. Half-Reaction go' (V) O₂+ 2H + 2 e H₂O 0.815 Cytochrome a3 (Fe3+) + e¯ = cytochrome a3 (Fe2+) 0.385 Cytochrome a (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome a (Fe2+) 0.29 Cytochrome c (Fe3+)+ e cytochrome c (Fe2+) 0.235 Cytochrome c₁ (Fe3+) + e cytochrome c₁ (Fe2+) 0.22 Cytochrome b (Fe3+) + e cytochrome b (Fe2+) 0.077 Ubiquinone +2 H+ + 2e ubiquinol 0.045 Fumarate + 2H + 2 e succinate 0.031 FAD +2 H+ + 2e FADH2 (in flavoproteins) ~0. NAD+H+2 e NADH -0.315 NADP+ + H+ + 2 e¯ = NADPH -0.320 Based on this information, you can conclude that reduction is most favorable for NADH Oxygen Cytochrome C H+arrow_forwardexplain in quantitative terms the circumstances under which the following reaction can porceed; L-malate + NAD+ (forward arrow) oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ delta G' standard = +29.7 KJ/molarrow_forward
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