Operon The lac operon (a) Absence of lactose laco RNA polymerase operator Structural genes Regulator gene (lacl) lacz lacY lacA lacP Transcription and translation No transcription Active regulator protein (repressor) O In the absence of lactose, the regulator protein (a repressor) binds to the operator and inhibits transcription. laco RNA operator (b) Presence of lactose polymerase Transcription and translation Transcription and translation Active regulator protein .which then binds to the regulator protein, making the protein inactive. 4 The regulator protein cannot bind to the operator,. 3.and the structural genes are transcribed and translated. Inactive regulator protein (repressor) Enzymes B-Galactosidase Permease Transacetylase Allolactose Glucose 2 When lactose is present, some of It is converted into allolactose,. 16.7 The la. operon regulates lactose metabolism. BGalactosidase Galactose Lactose

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Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.