Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
Explain how iRNA works to down-regulate gene expression.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA of a cell such that the sequence deviates from what is mostly found. Mutation can vary in size from a single DNA base pair to a broad segment of a chromosome with multiple genes. Mutations can be of two types namely Hereditary mutations(inherited from a parent) and Acquired mutations(caused by environmental factors).
A point mutation in which one base is exchanged for another is called base substitution. Most of the substitutions are missense mutations, where the DNA code is modified so that it codes for the wrong amino acid. Other substitutions, called nonsense mutations, alter the codon for an amino acid to a stop codon. Nonsense mutations cause translation to terminate early leading to proteins that cannot function normally.
Insertions are additions of a nucleotide to the DNA sequence, and this mutation changes the multiples of three codons, from the point of the insertion, and thus called frameshift mutations as they alter the frame of the amino acid sequence.
Translocation is a chromosomal abnormality where there is a break in the chromosome and that chromosome will then fuse to a different chromosome giving a fusion product.
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