Individuals who have experienced a stroke are at an increased risk of having another stroke. Prevention is particularly important for high-risk populations. The Second European Stroke Prevention Study asked whether daily doses of an anti- blood-clotting agent, such as aspirin or dipyridamole, would help prevent strokes among patients who had just experienced a first stroke. Volunteer patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment options: placebo, aspirin, Dipy., Both drugs. Researchers then recorded the patients who had another stroke and specifically if they died from that second stroke or not. Conduct the chi-square te of independence. What decision is made?

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**Stroke Prevention and Treatment Efficacy**

Individuals who have experienced a stroke are at an increased risk of having another stroke. Prevention is particularly important for high-risk populations. The Second European Stroke Prevention Study examined whether daily doses of an anti-blood-clotting agent, such as aspirin or dipyridamole, would help prevent strokes among patients who had just experienced a first stroke. 

**Study Design and Question**

Volunteer patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment options:

1. Placebo
2. Aspirin
3. Dipyridamole (Dipy.)
4. Both drugs combined

Researchers recorded the patients who had another stroke and specifically noted if they died from that second stroke. The objective is to conduct the chi-square test of independence to determine treatment efficacy.

**Data**

| Treatment   | Died from 2nd stroke | Did not die from 2nd stroke |
|-------------|----------------------|-----------------------------|
| Placebo     | 202                  | 1447                        |
| Aspirin     | 182                  | 1467                        |
| Dipyridamole| 188                  | 1466                        |
| Both drugs  | 185                  | 1465                        |

**Decision Making**

Using the chi-square test of independence, determine which hypothesis is to be accepted:

- \( \text{Reject } H_0 \) (Hypothesis of independence is not valid)
- \( \text{Fail to reject } H_0 \) (Hypothesis of independence is valid)

The decision requires statistical calculation not shown in the table.

**Conclusion**

Using the data and statistical tests, interpret the effectiveness of treatments in reducing mortality from a second stroke.
Transcribed Image Text:**Stroke Prevention and Treatment Efficacy** Individuals who have experienced a stroke are at an increased risk of having another stroke. Prevention is particularly important for high-risk populations. The Second European Stroke Prevention Study examined whether daily doses of an anti-blood-clotting agent, such as aspirin or dipyridamole, would help prevent strokes among patients who had just experienced a first stroke. **Study Design and Question** Volunteer patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment options: 1. Placebo 2. Aspirin 3. Dipyridamole (Dipy.) 4. Both drugs combined Researchers recorded the patients who had another stroke and specifically noted if they died from that second stroke. The objective is to conduct the chi-square test of independence to determine treatment efficacy. **Data** | Treatment | Died from 2nd stroke | Did not die from 2nd stroke | |-------------|----------------------|-----------------------------| | Placebo | 202 | 1447 | | Aspirin | 182 | 1467 | | Dipyridamole| 188 | 1466 | | Both drugs | 185 | 1465 | **Decision Making** Using the chi-square test of independence, determine which hypothesis is to be accepted: - \( \text{Reject } H_0 \) (Hypothesis of independence is not valid) - \( \text{Fail to reject } H_0 \) (Hypothesis of independence is valid) The decision requires statistical calculation not shown in the table. **Conclusion** Using the data and statistical tests, interpret the effectiveness of treatments in reducing mortality from a second stroke.
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