**Cervical Cancer and HPV Vaccine Study**Most cases of cervical cancer are linked to certain strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). The pharmaceutical company Merck developed a vaccine, Gardasil, to target these HPV strains. In global clinical trials, young women were monitored for two to four years after receiving either the vaccine or a placebo to check for signs of HPV-related cervical cancer. The results from one sample of 100 women in the Gardasil group showed that 34% developed cervical cancer, compared to 44% in a sample of 100 women in the placebo group.The objective is to test the claim that the proportion of women developing cervical cancer in the Gardasil group is less than in the placebo group, using a significance level of α = 0.05. Results should be rounded to three decimal places, with interim calculations to four decimal places.**Hypotheses:**- Null Hypothesis (\( H_0 \)): \( p_1 = p_2 \) - Alternative Hypothesis (\( H_a \)): \( p_1 < p_2 \)Where \( p_1 \) is the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardasil group, and \( p_2 \) is the proportion in the placebo group. The test is left-tailed.**Test Statistic:**- Calculate the test statistic: -1.4497Using the test statistic, find the p-value.

Assume that p1, p2 are the population proportions of women who developed cervical cancer in the…

Answered: Most cases of cervical cancer are…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate. If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096). Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period # Screening tests # False positive tests 9762 631 1. Another aspect of mammographic screening is the presence of false negatives. A false negative is a screen negative woman who has breast cancer. False negatives usually occur because the tumors are small and hard to detect. It is estimated that among women with breast cancer, 2% of all…
Angioplasty's benefits challenged. More than 1 million heart patients each year undergo an angioplasty. The ben- efits of an angioplasty were challenged in a study of 2,287 patients (2007 Annual Conference of the American College of Cardiology, New Orleans). All the patients had substantial blockage of the arteries but were medically stable. All were treated with medication such as aspirin and beta-blockers. However, half the patients were ran- domly assigned to get an angioplasty and half were not. After 5 years, the researchers found that 211 of the 1,145 patients in the angioplasty group had subsequent heart attacks compared with 202 of 1,142 patients in the medica- tion-only group. Do you agree with the study's conclusion, "There was no significant difference in the rate of heart attacks for the two groups"? Support your answer with a 95% confidence interval.
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death and illness worldwide, with high blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol both being established risk factors. Because most cardiovascular events occur in persons with average risk and no previous cardiovascular disease history, the present research examined the simultaneous use of both blood pressure‑reducing drugs and cholesterol‑reducing drugs on this population rather than focus on only those at high risk. Subjects included men at least 55 years old and women at least 65 years old without cardiovascular disease who had at least one additional risk factor besides age, such as recent or current smoking, hypertension, or family history of premature coronary heart disease. Those with current cardiovascular disease were excluded from the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to the treatment (cholesterol‑ and blood pressure‑reducing drugs) or a placebo, and the number suffering the primary outcome of a fatal cardiovascular event or a…
In randomized, double-blind clinical trials of a new vaccine, monkeys were randomly divided into two groups. Subjects in group 1 received the new vaccine while subjects in group 2 received a control vaccine. After the second dose, 117 of 750 subjects in the experimental group (group 1) experienced drowsiness as a side effect. After the second dose, 74 of 631 of the subjects in the control group (group 2) experienced drowsiness as a side effect. Does the evidence suggest that a higher proportion of subjects in group 1 experienced drowsiness as a side effect than subjects in group 2 at the a = 0.05 level of significance? Verify the model requirements. Select all that apply. O A. The samples are independent. B. The sample size is more than 5% of the population size for each sample. OC. n,P, (1-P1) 2 10 and n2p2 (1- P2) 2 10 D. The data come from a population that is normally distributed. E. The sample size is less than 5% of the population size for each sample. O F. The samples are…
The researchers sought to explore the connection between dietary fat consumption and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in a cohort of 5,115 young adults of both Black and White backgrounds. In 1985, these individuals underwent an initial examination. Over the subsequent 35 years, those who were initially free of disease were monitored to investigate the potential associations between their dietary fat intake and the occurrence of CVD events. Among the 2,100 young adults who had a high-fat diet at the start of the study, 255 experienced a new CVD event. Among the 3,015 young adults who did not have a high-fat diet at baseline, 125 experienced a new CVD event during the follow-up period. Risk of CVD events among those with a high-fat diet is ____. Risk of CVD events among those without a high-fat is ____. The relative risk is ____.
1 of Question Help ▼ A study conducted in Uganda and Kenya looked at heterosexual couples in which one of the partners was HIV-positive and the other was not. The person in each couple who was not HIV-positive was randomly assigned to one of three study regimens: tenofovir (TDF), combination tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC), or placebo and was followed for up to 36 months. Fifteen of the 1415 people assigned to TDF became positive for HIV, as did 12 of the 1463 assigned to TDF-FTC and 52 of the 1615 assigned to the placebo. Complete parts (a) through (c) below. 2 of 2 H: Treatment and HIV status have non-equal proportions. O D. Ho: Treatment and HIV status are independent. H Treatment and HIV status are associated. Calculate the chi-square test statistic. 0 of 2 x² = (Round to two decimal places as needed.) Determine the p-value. 1 of 1 p-value = (Round to three decimal places as needed.) What is the conclusion for this test? O A. Reject Ho and conclude that the treatment and HIV…
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Coughlin et al. (A-9) examined the breast and cervical screening practices of Hispanic and non- Hispanic women in counties that approximate the U.S. southern border region. The study used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys of adults age 18 years or older conducted in 1999 and 2000. The table below reports the number of observations of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women who had received a mammogram in the past 2 years cross-classified with marital status. Marital Status Currently Married Divorced or Separated Widowed Never Married or Living As an Unmarried Couple Hispanic 319 130 88 41 Non-Hispanic 738 329 402 95 (a) We select at random a subject who divorced or separated? ect who ha Total 1057 459 490 136 Total 578 1564 2142 Source: Steven S. Coughlin, Robert J. Uhler, Thomas Richards, and Katherine M. Wilson, "Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Practices Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Women Residing Near the United States-Mexico Border, 1999-2000," Family…
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations mandated that hospitals ban smoking by 1994. To study the effects of this ban on smoking behaviors, subjects were randomly selected from two different populations: those from hospitals with the ban and those from hospitals without the ban. Investigators were interested in determining if this smoking ban had any impact on the proportion of smokers employed at each hospital that then quit smoking. Let px be the proportion of smokers from hospitals that implemented the ban who quit smoking during the study period. Let py be the proportions of smokers from hospitals without the ban who quit smoking during the study period. Please select the appropriate hypotheses. H0: px = 0.50 HA: px ≠ 0.50 H0: px-py ≥ 0 HA: px-py H0: px-py ≤ 0 HA: px-py > 0 H0: px-py = 0 HA: px-py ≠ 0
What is the significance OF REPLICATION?
The trial enrolled 30,420 volunteers who were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either vaccine or placebo (15,210 participants in each group). More than 96% of participants received both injections, and 2.2% had evidence (serologic, virologic, or both) of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline. Symptomatic Covid-19 illness was confirmed in 185 participants in the placebo group (56.5 per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 48.7 to 65.3) and in 11 participants in the mRNA-1273 group (3.3 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 1.7 to 6.0); vaccine efficacy was 94.1% (95% CI, 89.3 to 96.8%; P<0.001). Efficacy was similar across key secondary analyses, including assessment 14 days after the first dose, analyses that included participants who had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline, and analyses in participants 65 years of age or older. Severe Covid-19 occurred in 30 participants, with one fatality; all 30 were in the placebo group. Moderate, transient reactogenicity…
A pharmaceutical company proposed a vaccine that would combat paralytic polio. Two independent random samples were collected from the population. One random sample of 201,229 was given the placebo, and among them 100,910 contracted paralytic polio. The other random sample of 200,745 was given the vaccine, and among them 50,033 people ended up contracting paralytic polio. Let the true proportion of cases of paralytic polio given placebo be p1p1 and the true proportion of cases of paralytic polio given vaccine be p2. Calculate the upper bound of a 95% confidence interval for p1−p2. Round your answer to three decimal places.

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