In the mevalonate pathway, three acetyl-CoA are combined to give a C5 product, IPP.A. Write out a 5-step general acid/general base mechanism to explain how HMG-CoA isformed from 3 acetyl-CoA (Note: we are leaving out some details. The enzyme HMG-CoA actuallyuses its Cys residues to accept acetyl groups from 2 acetyl-CoA, making new thioesters and liberatingCoASH) B. Two NADPH and two H+ are required to form mevalonic acid from HMG-CoA. Circle the Hatoms that came from NADPH, and put a square around any H atoms that came from H+.C. Three ATP are used to convert mevalonic acid to IPP. Explain the role of each ATP molecule
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
In the mevalonate pathway, three acetyl-CoA are combined to give a C5 product, IPP.
A. Write out a 5-step general acid/general base mechanism to explain how HMG-CoA is
formed from 3 acetyl-CoA (Note: we are leaving out some details. The enzyme HMG-CoA actually
uses its Cys residues to accept acetyl groups from 2 acetyl-CoA, making new thioesters and liberating
CoASH)
B. Two NADPH and two H+ are required to form mevalonic acid from HMG-CoA. Circle the H
atoms that came from NADPH, and put a square around any H atoms that came from H+.
C. Three ATP are used to convert mevalonic acid to IPP. Explain the role of each ATP molecule
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