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In the above signalling diagram, hormone H binds to both an intracellular and a cell surface receptor. Initially you assume that hormone H must therefore be a small hydrophobic molecule. However, further analysis revealed that it is a large hydrophilic molecule. Knowing this, what would you need to add to this diagram to accurately reflect how these signalling events are possible and why? The csRu MRNA and protein are represented in the diagram below. mRNA 5' AUG 3' ribosome protein DNA ligand binding signal kinase transmembrane domain domain binding sequence domain domain

In the above signalling diagram, hormone H binds to both an intracellular and a cell surface receptor. Initially you assume that hormone H must therefore be a small hydrophobic molecule. However, further analysis revealed that it is a large hydrophilic molecule. Knowing this, what would you need to add to this diagram to accurately reflect how these signalling events are possible and why? The csRu MRNA and protein are represented in the diagram below. mRNA 5' AUG 3' ribosome protein DNA ligand binding signal kinase transmembrane domain domain binding sequence domain domain

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Practice question 1F) In the above signalling diagram, hormone H binds to both an intracellular and a cell surface receptor. Initially you assume that homone H must therefore be a small hydrophobic molecule. However, further analysis revealed that it is a large hydrophilic molecule. Knowing this, what would you need to add to this diagram to accurately reflect how these signalling events are possible and why? The csRu MRNA and protein are represented in the diagram below. MRNA 5' AUG 3' ribosome protein DNA ligand binding domain signal kinase transmembrane domain domain binding sequence domain cytoplasm plasma membrane extracellular fluid
Transcribed Image Text:Practice question 1F) In the above signalling diagram, hormone H binds to both an intracellular and a cell surface receptor. Initially you assume that homone H must therefore be a small hydrophobic molecule. However, further analysis revealed that it is a large hydrophilic molecule. Knowing this, what would you need to add to this diagram to accurately reflect how these signalling events are possible and why? The csRu MRNA and protein are represented in the diagram below. MRNA 5' AUG 3' ribosome protein DNA ligand binding domain signal kinase transmembrane domain domain binding sequence domain cytoplasm plasma membrane extracellular fluid
Info: In many mammalian species, including humans, there is a hormone (H) that acts as a key regulator of hexose (6 carbon sugar, eg - glucose) metabolism, cell cycle progression, and ultimately cell survival. Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRu) and within the cell (icRu). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone H are depicted and described below. hormone Signalling via the cell surface receptor · Hormone H mediates its cell cycle stimulatory and pro-survival effects by binding to and activating the cell surface hormone H receptor ( . · The activated csRH activates Lyn, which activates RAS and ultimately the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. · Active ERK: o phosphorylates and inactivates GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3B promotes cell survival. o inhibits p27, preventing it from inhibiting cell cycle progression. o activates Egs, a transcription factor which promotes cell cycle progression by triggering Cyclin A extracellular fluid inactive (GTP inactive RAS Lyn cel-surtace receptor for H (csR.) RAS-GTP hехose metabolism cell survival Gphase (esting) Raf G, HK GSK-38 MEK hexose kinase ERK promoter HRE COKI Cyclin A cyclin A Fos A promoter Created in BioRender.com bìo expression. Signalling via the intracellular receptor Hormone H also binds to and activates the intracellular hormone H receptor (icRu). The activated icRu translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor binding to a specific sequence called a hormone H response element (HRE) found within promoters on the DNA. icRu - HRE binding upregulates the transcription of the hexose kinase gene, which is required for hexose metabolism and ultimately cell survival. Below is a list of mutations commonly found in different components of the hormone-signaling pathways. Mutant #1: The icRuundergoes a loss-of-function mutation. Mutant #2: GSK-3B can no longer be phosphorylated. Mutant #3: ERK is constitutively active. Mutant #4: Lyn undergoes a gain-of function mutation. Mutant #5: The cyclin A gene's DNA is highly compacted and inaccessible Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancer.
Transcribed Image Text:Info: In many mammalian species, including humans, there is a hormone (H) that acts as a key regulator of hexose (6 carbon sugar, eg - glucose) metabolism, cell cycle progression, and ultimately cell survival. Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRu) and within the cell (icRu). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone H are depicted and described below. hormone Signalling via the cell surface receptor · Hormone H mediates its cell cycle stimulatory and pro-survival effects by binding to and activating the cell surface hormone H receptor ( . · The activated csRH activates Lyn, which activates RAS and ultimately the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. · Active ERK: o phosphorylates and inactivates GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3B promotes cell survival. o inhibits p27, preventing it from inhibiting cell cycle progression. o activates Egs, a transcription factor which promotes cell cycle progression by triggering Cyclin A extracellular fluid inactive (GTP inactive RAS Lyn cel-surtace receptor for H (csR.) RAS-GTP hехose metabolism cell survival Gphase (esting) Raf G, HK GSK-38 MEK hexose kinase ERK promoter HRE COKI Cyclin A cyclin A Fos A promoter Created in BioRender.com bìo expression. Signalling via the intracellular receptor Hormone H also binds to and activates the intracellular hormone H receptor (icRu). The activated icRu translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor binding to a specific sequence called a hormone H response element (HRE) found within promoters on the DNA. icRu - HRE binding upregulates the transcription of the hexose kinase gene, which is required for hexose metabolism and ultimately cell survival. Below is a list of mutations commonly found in different components of the hormone-signaling pathways. Mutant #1: The icRuundergoes a loss-of-function mutation. Mutant #2: GSK-3B can no longer be phosphorylated. Mutant #3: ERK is constitutively active. Mutant #4: Lyn undergoes a gain-of function mutation. Mutant #5: The cyclin A gene's DNA is highly compacted and inaccessible Mutations in the signalling pathways depicted above have been associated with an increased incidence of several types of cancer.
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