Copper is a cofactor in several enzymes, including lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase.Ceruloplasmin, a deep-blue glycoprotein, is the principal copper-containing protein in blood. It isused to transport Cu2+ and maintain appropriate levels of Cu2+ in the body’s tissues.Ceruloplasmin also catalyzes the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+, an important reaction in ironmetabolism. Because the metal is widely found in foods, copper deficiency is rare in humans.Deficiency symptoms include anemia, leukopenia (reduction in blood levels of white blood cells),bone defects, and weakened arterial walls. The body is partially protected from exposure toexcessive copper (and several other metals) by metallothionein, a small, metal-binding protein thatpossesses a large proportion of cysteine residues. Certain metals (most notably zinc and cadmium)induce the synthesis of metallothionein in the intestine and liver.In Menkes syndrome intestinal absorption of copper is defective. How can affected infants betreated to avoid the symptoms of the disorder, which include seizures, retarded growth, and brittlehair?
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
Copper is a cofactor in several enzymes, including lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase.
Ceruloplasmin, a deep-blue glycoprotein, is the principal copper-containing protein in blood. It is
used to transport Cu2+ and maintain appropriate levels of Cu2+ in the body’s tissues.
Ceruloplasmin also catalyzes the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+, an important reaction in iron
Deficiency symptoms include anemia, leukopenia (reduction in blood levels of white blood cells),
bone defects, and weakened arterial walls. The body is partially protected from exposure to
excessive copper (and several other metals) by metallothionein, a small, metal-binding protein that
possesses a large proportion of cysteine residues. Certain metals (most notably zinc and cadmium)
induce the synthesis of metallothionein in the intestine and liver.
In Menkes syndrome intestinal absorption of copper is defective. How can affected infants be
treated to avoid the symptoms of the disorder, which include seizures, retarded growth, and brittle
hair?
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