Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase in the first step of the glycolytic pathway to trapit in the cell, as G6P cannot diffuse across the lipid bilayer. This reaction also decreases the concentration of freeglucose, favoring additional import of the molecule. However, this has a postive standard free energy of 3 kcal permole. To favor this reaction, hydrolysis of ATP is coupled, which has a standard free energy of -7 kcal per mole.Determine the actual free energy change in kcal/mole for the following conditions:Glucose concentration: 4.5 mMATP conc: 3.79 mMG6P conc. 0.052 mMADP conc: 0.12 mMinorganic phosphate conc: 1.3 mMtemperature: 313 KAns. in 3 SFs.

Reactions that have a positive value of Delta G are not favorable in nature. Hence in order to…

Answered: Glucose is phosphorylated to…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Insulin resistance, as occurs in type 2 diabetes, may lead to increased ketone production and release into blood. Describe the biochemistry that links insulin resistance and ketone production. Compare the cellular energy (e.g. ATP) required and produced when glycogen is synthesize and hydrolyzed, respectively. Compare and contrast the mechanism of fatty acid synthase with translation. When young rats are placed on a totally fat acid free diet, they grow poorly, develop a scaly dermatitis, lose hair, and soon die these symptoms that can be prevented if plant material is included in the diet. Why?
Calculations based on the volume of a glucose residue and the branchingpattern of cellular glycogen indicate that a glycogen molecule could have up to 28 branching tiers before becoming impossibly dense. What are the advantages of such a molecule and why is it not found in vivo?
Glucose-6-phosphatase is located inside the endoplasmic reticulum. Describe the probable symptoms of a defect in G6P transport across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
The enzyme malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in the final step that completes the Citric Acid Cycle. The ∆G of this reaction is +29.7 kJ/mol. Explain how this thermodynamically unfavorable reaction could possibly be accomplished by the cell even though the reaction is not coupled to a favorable reaction.
In angiogenic endothelial cells, pyruvate is converted to lactate (generating 2 ATP per glucose) rather than being completely oxidized (which would generate ~32 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation). Explain why angiogenic cells generate ATP anaerobically.
The amount of glucose 6-phophate that is used by the glycolytic or pentose phosphate (b) pathways is determined by the current metabolic state of the cytosol. This regulation is achieved in part via allosteric regulation of the first committed step of the pentose phosphate pathway. (i) What metabolite is the key allosteric regulator of the pentose phosphate pathway, and what enzyme does this metabolite regulate? (ii) What happens to glucose 6-phopshate in the limiting case when this metabolite is in excess? (iii) What happens to glucose 6-phophate in the limiting case when this metabolite is absent?
Provide an explanation for why glucose-6-phopshate must be isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.
How many net ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3 BPG) in a neuron?
Explain the purpose of the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle (Don’t worry about the mechanism, just the purpose of the shuttle. Just one sentence here!). Suppose a cell could only rely on the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle and not the malate-aspartate shuttle, how would that affect the amount of ATP that could be generated from the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose in that cell? How would this change the amount of ATP that could be generated from the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitate in this cell?
Metabolizing a fatty acid via the B-oxidation pathway will generate acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH₂. Based on your biochemical knowledge, the major metabolic intermediate will enter cellular respiration in [Select] and the reduced coenzymes will enter cellular respiration in [Select] Could a mature red blood cell perform the ß-oxidation pathway? Yes, in their cytoplasm.
One of the earliest responses to cellular injury is a rapid increase in the levels of enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway. About ten days after an injury, levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in heart tissue are 20 to 30 times higher than normal. However the levels of glycolytic enzymes are only 10% to 20% of normal. Explain this phenomenon.
In glycolysis, the KM value of hexoquinase is 0.04 mM. At physiological conditions, the cellular concentration of glucose is between 4 mM to 15 mM. According with this information, which of the following statements is true (Choose all that are correct) The enzyme has a low affinity for its substrate The enzme is working at its maximum velocity The phosphorilation of glucose is very slow The small value of KM assures that glycolysis will continue even when the concentration of glucose drops below 4 mM. The hexoquinase is saturated with glucose

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