Fatty acid oxidation for energy yield occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and for palmitate as one example, generates [ Select ] ["FADH2, NADH, and Acetyl-CoA", "FADH, GTP and NADPH"] , all of which can be converted to ATP (108 of them to be exact) via oxidative phosphorylation. This is a [ Select ] ["greater", "smaller"] yield of ATP per carbon atom compared to glucose. Ketogenesis is a process where acetyl-CoA (including that from breakdown of fatty acids) is converted to ketone bodies under conditions where carbohydrates are [ Select ] ["in excess", "limiting"] . Acetoacetate and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate are delivered from liver to the bloodstream where they provide energy for [ Select ] ["cardiac and skeletal muscle as well as brain", "synthesis of glycogen"]. [ Select ] ["Insulin", "Glucagon"] promotes ketogenesis by stimulating fatty acid export from adipose tissue.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
Fatty acid oxidation for energy yield occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and for palmitate as one example, generates [ Select ] ["FADH2, NADH, and Acetyl-CoA", "FADH, GTP and NADPH"] , all of which can be converted to ATP (108 of them to be exact) via oxidative phosphorylation. This is a [ Select ] ["greater", "smaller"] yield of ATP per carbon atom compared to glucose. Ketogenesis is a process where acetyl-CoA (including that from breakdown of fatty acids) is converted to
[ Select ] ["Insulin", "Glucagon"] promotes ketogenesis by stimulating fatty acid export from adipose tissue.
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