The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex gates the entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acidcycle, catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate generated during glycolysis and thetransfer of an acetate fragment onto coenzyme A.a. Why is the PDH complex allosterically regulated by fatty acids? What energetic/metabolic state is signaled by fatty acid binding?b. Pyruvate carboxylase allows the bypass of the citric acid cycle to generateoxaloacetate from pyruvate. This reaction requires the cleavage of ATP withbicarbonate to make a high energy CO2 donor, carboxyphosphate (shown). Why isthe carboxylation reaction difficult enough to necessitate coupling to the overallhydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi?HOL Å-00НОOOcarboxyphosphate

Under aerobic conditions carbohydrates, fatty acids, and most amino acids enter the Krebs cycle…

Answered: The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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We have described an ATP synthase complex with an Fo complex of 9 c-subunits. Consider if the F0 complex had 12 c- subunits instead of only 9 (assume a eukaryote). What would be the P/O ratio (the ATP produced in the cytosol per atom of O reduced (or a pair of e- if you want to think of it that way) obtained from using B-hydroxy-fatty-acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase? (report to 1 decimal place) ATP
One of the earliest responses to cellular injury is a rapid increase in the levels of enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway. About ten days after an injury, levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in heart tissue are 20 to 30 times higher than normal. However the levels of glycolytic enzymes are only 10% to 20% of normal. Explain this phenomenon.
The mitochondrial Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) is a very large enzyme complex which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Describe the enzyme components that make up the PDC, indicating the contribution each makes to the pyruvate to acetyl-CoA process, as well as how the PDC itself is regulated by intermediates?
Gluconeogenesis occurs in liver and kidney. Which is of the following enzyme are important for gluconeogenesis are expressed exclusively in these tissues? Select one: a. Glucose-6-phosphatase b. Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase c. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase d. Pyruvate carboxylase
What is the final fate of the carbons in acetyl-CoA after several turns of the citric acid cycle?
The first step of gluconeogenesis involves the carboxylation of pyruvate and has a large negative delta G (i.e very exergonic). Explain how it is possible that this step can be exergonic if we know that adding CO2 onto molecules is fundamentally a destabilizing phenomenon?
The following incorrect description of the HMS path is () A, 6-P-glucose can be converted into pentose phosphate through this pathway B. Four-carbon and seven-carbon sugars can be provided through this route C. For every mole of carbon dioxide produced when 6-P-glucose is converted to pentose phosphate, it also produces 1 mole of NADPH D, 6-P-glucose is decomposed in this way without consumption of ATP Among the following enzyme-catalyzed reactions that can generate substrate level phosphorylation to generate GTP are () A, hexokinase B, enolase C, succinate thiokinase D, succinate dehydrogenase The limiting factor of fatty acid synthesis in cell fluid is (). A, condensation enzyme B, hydration enzyme C, lipoacyl group transferase D, acetyl-CoA carboxylase Which of the following amino acids is an essential amino acid? () A.Thr B.Lys C.Met D.Arg
Activation of the fatty acid (converting it to fatty acyl-SCoA) requires the expenditure of 2 ATPs. Use your answers from parts B and C to calculate the total number of ATPs generated from the metabolism of a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms including both the citric acid cycle and the ββbeta-oxidation pathway as well as the initial ATP required to produce the acyl-SCoA molecule that starts the process. Express your answer as an integer.

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