A cell expresses a transmembrane protein that is cleaved at the plasma membrane to release an extracellular fragment. The fragment binds to receptor proteins on nearby cells andactivates signaling pathways resulting in altered gene expression patterns in the cells. What form of intercellular signaling does this represent?OA. Contact-dependent signalingB. Paracrine signalingOC. Synaptic signalingD. Endocrine signalingE. Autocrine signaling

Correct Option: A. Contact-dependent signaling This option is correct becauseIt involves a cleaved…

Answered: A cell expresses a transmembrane…

Human Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305112100

Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Chapter15: The Endocrine System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1SQ: __________ are molecules released from a signaling cell that have effects on target cells. a....

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Scaffold proteins (a) release kinases and phosphatases into the extracellular fluid (b) bind G proteins to cell membranes (c) increase accuracy but slow signaling cascades (d) organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes (e) are transcription factors found mainly in plant cells
During signal transduction (a) the cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that leads to a change in some cell process (b) a signaling molecule directly activates or represses several genes (c) each enzyme catalyzes production of one molecule of product (d) enzymes in the signal cascade remain active until the last component of the pathway alters a cellular process (e) the signal is terminated by cyclic AMP
A hormone molecule binds to a receptor on a cell membrane. It doesnt enter the cell; rather, the binding activates a second messenger inside the cell that triggers an amplified response to the hormonal signal. Is the signaling molecule a steroid or a nonsteroid hormone?
How is an extracellular signal converted to an intracellular signal in signal transduction? Give a specific example.
Which of the following would not inhibit signal transduction? a. Phosphate groups are removed from proteins. b. Endocytosis acts on receptors and their bound signals. c. Receptors and signaling molecules separate. d. Receptors and bound signaling molecules enter lysosomes. e. Autophosphorylation targets the cytoplasmic portion of the receptor.
You learned in this chapter that Na+/K+ active transport pumps in the plasma membrane of the axons are responsible for creating the imbalance between Na+ and K+ inside and outside of the neuron that produces the resting membrane potential. In early research studying the role of ions and the involvement of active transport of ions in neural signaling, investigators used the giant axon of a squid as a model. The diameter of a giant axon is far greater than that of a mammalian axon, which enabled researchers to isolate it easily and use it in in vitro experiments. In one early experiment, researchers investigated the active transport of Na+ out of the axon in response to the presence of cyanide. Experimentally they hooked up a section of axon to a syringe, immersed the axon in artificial seawater, introduced radioactive 22Na (as 22NaCl) into the axon, and then quantified the transport of 22Na out through the axons plasma membrane. The rate of 22Na transport out of the axon was determined by measuring the radioactivity released into the fluid sur- rounding the axon over a period of time. The Figure shows the results of the experiment. What is the effect of cyanide on Na1 transport out of the squid axon? How do the data show the effect? Source: P. C. Caldwell et al. 1960. The effects of injecting energy-rich phosphate compounds on the active transport of ions in the giant axons of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology 152:561590. Cengage Learning 2017
A scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to be stabilized by binding interactions during dimerization after ligand binding. Which hypothesis regarding the effect of this mutation on EGF signaling is most likely to be correct? EGF signaling cascades would be active for longer in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would be active for a shorter period of time in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would not occur. EGF signaling would be unaffected.
When growth hormone binds to an enzyme-linked receptor, (a) G proteins are amplified into a cascade of molecules (b) the enzyme portion of the receptor becomes dephosphorylated (c) the receptor becomes activated and phosphorylates signaling proteins in the cell (d) an ion channel is opened (e) an immediate signal is sent into the nucleus, and specific genes are activated or inhibited
Which of the following could not elicit a signal transduction response? a. a protein kinase b. a virus mimicking a normal signal molecule c. a peptide hormone d. a steroid hormone e. a neurotransmitter
What happens when light strikes rhodopsin? (Include a description of the signal transduction pathway in your answer.)
In signal transduction, which of the following is not a target protein? a. proteins that regulate gene activity b. hormones that activate the receptor c. enzymes of pathways d. transport proteins e. enzymes of cell reactions
A cell secretes a product that diffuses through the interstitial fluid and acts on nearby cells. This process is an example of (a) neuroendocrine secretion (b) autocrine signaling (c) paracrine signaling (d) classical endocrine regulation (e) peptide hormone function

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