Draw the structure of the anti-HIV drug AZT (zidovudine), which stops retro-viral DNAsynthesis. When AZT is taken up by cells, it is converted to AZT triphosphate. Explain how thiscompound could interfere with DNA synthesis
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Draw the structure of the anti-HIV drug AZT (zidovudine), which stops retro-viral DNA
synthesis. When AZT is taken up by cells, it is converted to AZT triphosphate. Explain how this
compound could interfere with DNA synthesis
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- The structure of a prodrug used for treating people with HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS is shown below. This molecule is a precursor of a protease inhibitor that competitively inhibits HIV protease due to its resemblance to the proteolytic site of the enzyme. Which process in the viral life cycle does this inhibitor target directly ? Group of answer choices a. viral protein processing for making new viruses b. viral mRNA synthesis c. viral DNA integration into the host cell DNA d. viral DNA synthesisAZT (zidovudine) inhibits the synthesis of the HIV virus RNA because AZT resembles substrate molecules. Which kind of inhibition is most likely taking place in this reaction?Tenofovir, an analog of adenosine monophosphate, is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV infection. Atazanavir, also used to treat HIV infection, is a protease inhibitor. Approximately 1 in 1,000 virus particles carries a mutation that confers resistance against any given anti-HIV drug. If there are 1010 virus particles circulating in a patient, roughly how many of them would be resistant to both tenofovir and atazanavir? - 104 - 106 - 107 - 5 x 107 - 1010
- Inhibiting the reverse transcriptase of HIV is a common method for treating HIV infections. a) The HIV reverse transcriptase has two separate functional domains. One domain has polymerase activity. What type of activity do you think the other domain would have?In the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a possible mode of therapy is to inhibit the reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), whcih is required for the retrovirus to be propogated by RNA-directed DNA synthesis. In the figure below, one of the substrates for RT is thymidine; and two drugs, AZT and HBY097 are known to inhibit HIV RT> (a) Thymidine; (b) AZT; (c) HBY097 Look at the structures and predict the type of inhibition (i.e. competitive or non-competitive) likely to be shown by each drug. By using knowledge on enzyme, plan an experiment that would enable you to confirm the type of inhibition by investigating enzyme kinetics and explain how you would interpret the results.Remarks: Not more than 250 words.Rifamycins have been used for the treatment of many diseases, including HIV-related Tuberculosis. Explain how Rifamycins inhibit the activities of bacterial DNA dependent RNA polymerase.
- Emtricitabine (2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine, abbreviated as FTC) is a nucleoside analog that is used to treat HIV. It works by reversibly binding to HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV RT) and by doing so, inhibits the virus from replicating itself. In an experiment, FTC and purified HIV RT are mixed at low concentrations and allowed to reach equilibrium. The concentrations measured are [FTC] = 10 nM, [HIV RT] = 37.5 nM, and [HIV RT-FTC] = 2.5 µM, for the equilibrium FTC + HIV RT= HIV RT-FTC. What is the Kd in nM?AZT (3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine) is a drug for HIV infection that gets incorporated into growing viral DNA and blocks the activity of: reverse transcriptase Integrase DNA ligase DNA polymerase β (beta).Figure 1 above shows that remdesivir “mimics” an important component of RNA replication. Which component of RNA replication has a structure similar to that of remdesivir?
- After entering cells, viruses use the host cell machinery to transcribe their viral DNA into RNA or make new copies of their RNA, which will then be translated into proteins that are needed for virus function and replication. There has been a lot of interest and some progress in the development of anti-viral drugs that act to halt the viral replication cycle. Do you think it would effective to target a drug to cellular RNA polymerase to halt viral replication? Why or Why not?The dUTPase enzyme is used by the African swine fever virus to repair its own DNA, as the cells the virus infects in swine do not express the dUTPase protein. Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for the role of the dUTPase in the virus lifecycle? Explain your choice in 25 words or less. The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uracil should not be present in DNA The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uridine cannot correctly base pair with adenine-containing bases The dUTPase is necessary to remove dUTP from the viral genome, as uridine has the wrong sugar component for building DNA More than one of the above answers is correct None of the above answers is correctBased on what you have learned with respect to various DNA repair pathways, decide the most appropriate pathway that would be used to repair the following types of DNA damage. Explain your reasoning. A change in the DNA sequence caused by a mistake made by DNA polymerase during replication In a fungal species, pyrimidine dimers induced as a result of UV exposure A double-stranded break that occurs during G1 and prevents completion of DNA replication
