On the molecule below, highlight all R stereocenters in red and all S stereocenters in blue. If it doesn't contain any stereocenters, check the "No Stereocenters" box under the drawing area. No stereocenters Cl H ☑
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- The human retina has three types of receptor cones, eachsensitive to a different range of wavelengths of visible light,as shown in this figure (the colors are merely to differentiatethe three curves from one another; they do not indicate theactual colors represented by each curve):(a) Estimate the energies of photons with wavelengths at themaximum for each type of cone. (b) The color of the sky is dueto scattering of solar light by the molecules of the atmosphere.Lord Rayleigh was one of the first to study scattering of thiskind. He showed that the amount of scattering for very smallparticles such as molecules is inversely proportional to thefourth power of the wavelength. Estimate the ratio of the scatteringefficiency of light at the wavelength of the maximumfor the “blue” cones, as compared with that for the “green”cones. (c) Explain why the sky appears blue even though allwavelengths of solar light are scattered by the atmosphereA typical incandescent lightbulb emits approximately 3 x 1018 visible-light photons per second. Your eye, when it is fully dark adapted, can barely see the light from an incandescent lightbulb 10 km away. How many photons per second are incident at the image point on your retina? The diameter of a dark-adapted pupil is 6 mm.The amino acid sequence (primary structure) and 3D shape (tertiary structure) of the rhodopsin has been determined and the various protein domains have also been identified with precision (see figures below). The red arrow indicates the amino acid lysin (K) that binds to the oxygen of the retinol (indicated by the blue arrow). The purple arrow indicates the retinal bound to the rhodopsin. In healthy individuals, retinal is abundant and can binds to the rhodopsin, making it functional (light-sensitive). H3C CH3 CH3 cytoplasmic side extracellular side CH3 Retinal CH3 Rhodopsin (primary structure) C-II H 500000 NOOⓇ ...ooo E-II COOH-terminal C-III ago E-III CONJOO NH₂-terminal Rhodopsin + retinal (tertiary structure) 5. Based on the molecular structures of retinal, which of the following is the most likely? A. Retinal is an enzyme B. Retinal is a phospholipid of the plasma membrane C. Retinal is an unsaturated organic compound D. Retinal is a transport protein that moves a molecule across…
- The amino acid sequence (primary structure) and 3D shape (tertiary structure) of the rhodopsin has been determined and the various protein domains have also been identified with precision (see figures below). The red arrow indicates the amino acid lysin (K) that binds to the oxygen of the retinol (indicated by the blue arrow). The purple arrow indicates the retinal bound to the rhodopsin. In healthy individuals, retinal is abundant and can binds to the rhodopsin, making it functional (light-sensitive). H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 cytoplasmic side Retinal C-I extracellular side 0000 MOO OOO 400 DERY 000 PONE ALMO VOO LGF LLOD VUEL CH3 HOO AD SLV GO04 FAV OCK 000 LOO GOF YO DOAA TOTO ⓇAD MOWE OV00 OPL ALA LEGE DOOD VOOO COP DES 000 600 GCO OV FOOD Rhodopsin (primary structure) C-II E-II COOH-terminal C-III RIVE OOM DOWO LWCO 40 DOVO FOX ON DO 000 D04 boooooo 000 000 100,00 ****** E-III NH₂-terminal Rhodopsin + retinal (tertiary structure) 6. This lysine (K) is in a transmembrane domain of rhodopsin…Human color vision is "produced" by the nervous system based on how three different cone receptors interact with photons oflight in the eye. These three different types of cones interact with photons of different frequency light, as indicated in the following chart:Suppose you conduct direct visible spectrophotometry with red fruit punch as your solution. Which wavelengths of light would you expect to be strongly absorbed? Which wavelengths are not strongly absorbed? Explain.
- When light hits a retinal molecule bound to the rhodopsin, the retinal molecule changes its conformation, going from a cis- configuration to an all-trans configuration (see figure below). This forces the rhodopsin receptor to also undergo a change in its conformation and become activated. 11-cis isomer ** Light Retinal is therefore a key player that triggers a series of activation in phototransduction (see figure below). Phototransduction in photoreceptor cells 1000000000000000 Disc membrane 100000000000000 Disc lumen Light Rhodopsin GDP All-trans isomer J Transducin Photoreceptor cytosol GTP GTP GTP PDE CGMP CGMP CGMP inhibition PDE6i GMP GMP GMP Extracellular environment Plasma membrane 1. Light hits the retinal molecule and changes into an all-trans configuration 2. This change in the retinal conformation activates the rhodopsin photoreceptor 3. The rhodopsin photoreceptor then activates a specific heterotrimeric G protein called transducin. 4. The transducin then activates a…Ms. Brundage buys a fancy new plant, and brings it home to replace her plastic ones. The action spectrum of the plant's leaves is found in Figure 1 below. Unfortunately it is winter and there is very little natural light. The local hardware store offers her two lighting choices: halogen light or cool white LED. After a little research, she discovers the spectrum of each type of light, as shown in Figure 2. a) Which type of light should Ms. Brundage purchase? Explain. b)The salesperson assures her that her plant most likely will be able to grow under either type of light. Given what you know about plant pigments and photosynthesis, how could this be possible? Explain.For dispersion of light through a prism which colour has maximum deviation?
