8.1 For an NMOS differential pair with a common-mode voltage VCM applied, as shown in Fig. 8.2, let Vpp = Vss = 1.0 V, k, = 0.4 mA/V, (WIL), , = 12.5, V, = 0.5 V, I= 0.2 mA, R, = 10 k, and neglect channel-length modulation. СМ DD SS tn (a) Find Voy and Ves for each transistor. (b) For Vcy=0, find V, Ipp Ip2, V pv and 2- (c) Repeat (b) for V (d) Repeat (b) for Ve (e) What is the highest value of Voy for which Q, and Q, OV GS СМ D1> 'D2> D1» D2° ey=+0.3 V. СМ y=-0.1 V. СМ СМ 1 remain in saturation? (f) If current source I requires a minimum voltage of 0.2 V to operate properly, what is the lowest value allowed for V. and hence for V. CM? СМ
Quantization and Resolution
Quantization is a methodology of carrying out signal modulation by the process of mapping input values from an infinitely long set of continuous values to a smaller set of finite values. Quantization forms the basic algorithm for lossy compression algorithms and represents a given analog signal into digital signals. In other words, these algorithms form the base of an analog-to-digital converter. Devices that process the algorithm of quantization are known as a quantizer. These devices aid in rounding off (approximation) the errors of an input function called the quantized value.
Probability of Error
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