8. Assume that the black points describe a genetic correlationbetween trait 1 and trait 2.Trait 1a) Do you expect the population toevolve more easily towards a newoptimum given selection vectorsoriented as in box 1, or as in box 2?Explain. (4Answer:Trait 2b) Given selection vectors oriented as in box 2, what might youexpect to happen to the correlation between trait 1 and trait 2over time? Explain. (Answer:9. The breeder's equation is: D = h'S, where Dis the response toselection in a phenotypic trait, h² is heritability and S is theselection differential. Assume selection occurs, such that meanparental size is 60 cm in length before selection, and 40 cm afterselection. The graph below shows the relationship betweenmean offspring size and mean parental size. Assume allvariation is due to genetics (no shared environment effects) andthe graph area is a square. Given this information, predict:a) D, the response to selection. Show your work. (2Answer:b), the mean size of offspring after selection. Show your work.Answer:

Answered: 8. Assume that the black points…

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter5: The Inheritance Of Complex Traits

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 22QP: Height in humans is controlled by the additive action of genes and the action of environmental...

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A large, random mating population is started with thefollowing proportion of individuals for the indicatedblood types:0.5 MM0.2 MN0.3 NNThis blood type gene is autosomal, and the M and Nalleles are codominant.a. Is this population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?b. What will be the allele and genotype frequenciesafter one generation under the conditions assumedfor Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?c. What will be the allele and genotype frequenciesafter two generations under the conditions assumedfor Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
I. A population called the founder generation, consisting of 2000 AA individuals, 2000 Aa individuals, and6000 aa individuals is established on a remote island.Mating within this population occurs at random, thethree genotypes are selectively neutral, and mutationsoccur at a negligible rate.a. What are the frequencies of alleles A and a in thefounder generation?b. Is the founder generation at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium?c. What is the frequency of the A allele in the secondgeneration (that is, the generation subsequent to thefounder generation)?d. What are the frequencies for the AA, Aa, and aagenotypes in the second generation?e. Is the second generation at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium?f. What are the frequencies for the AA, Aa, and aagenotypes in the third generation?
The equation p2+ 2pq + q2= 1 representing theHardy-Weinberg proportions examines genes withonly two alleles in a population.a. Derive a similar equation describing the equilibrium proportions of genotypes for a gene withthree alleles. [Hint: Remember that the HardyWeinberg equation can be written as the binomialexpansion (p + q)2.]b. A single gene with three alleles (IA, IB, and i) isresponsible for the ABO blood groups. Individualswith blood type A can be either IA IAor IA i;those with blood type B can be either IB IBor IB i;people with AB blood are IA IB, and type O individuals are ii. Among Armenians, the frequency of IAis0.360, the frequency of IBis 0.104, and the frequencyof i is 0.536. Calculate the frequencies of individuals in this population with the four possible bloodtypes, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.In Problems 15–17, you will see that because matingbetween individuals within populations at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium is random, it is possible to predict…
1. Certain flowers are either red (dominant) or white (rr). 91% of the flowers are red. Using the equations, calculate the frequency of the R allele. First you replace R and r for p and q. Thus we know that q2 = .09, because only the homozygous recessives will be white. *changed away from percentages to work the math more easily* What is the frequency of the R allele in this population? 2. In a coastal city in Nigeria, the incidence of Sickle-Cell disease is 4% of the population. Based on this information, what is the frequency of this allele in the population of that city? 3. In a given human population, only the "A" and "B" alleles are present in the ABO system; there are no individuals with type "O" blood or with O alleles in this particular population. If 200 people have type A blood, 75 have type AB blood, and 25 have type B blood, what are the alleleic frequencies of this population (i.e., what are p and q)? 4. An allele W, for white wool, is dominant over allele w, for…
Small population size causes genetic drift because ofchance sampling of different alleles from one generation to the next. We can predict how much geneticdrift occurs for a given population size using binomialsampling statistics. With a population of size N, wecan estimate that 95% of the time the allele frequency(p) in the next generation will be withinthe confidence interval of p ± 1.96 (√p(1 − p)2N ),where p(1 − p)2Nis an estimate of the statistical variancein allele frequencies from one generation to the nextwith random sampling of 2N alleles each generation. a. What is the confidence interval for p = 0.5 whenN = 100,000?b. What is the confidence interval for p = 0.5 whenN = 10?c. How are the results in parts (a) and (b) related tothe consequences of a population bottleneck?
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9. 8. The two histograms represent the frequency distribution for the two different types of variation. Q R 10. A B Which of the statements, A to D, about characteristic Q is correct? с D controlled by many genes and unaffected by the environment number of organisms controlled by one or two genes and unaffected by the environment controlled by many genes and influenced by the environment Your answer controlled by one or two genes and influenced by the environment A. B. W characteristic C. What evidence is given in the pedigree chart below to establish that the condition is caused by a dominant allele? D. number of organisms Two unaffected parents have unaffected children. Two affected parents have affected children. An affected parent and an unaffected parent have affected children. Two affected parents have an unaffected child. A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% characteristic In fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) grey body is dominant to black body and normal wings are dominant to vestigial…
Three basic predictions underlie genetic drift in populations: (1) As long as the population size is finite,some level of genetic drift will occur; thus, withoutnew mutations, all variation will drift either to fixationor to loss. (2) Drift happens faster in small populationsthan in large populations. (3) The probability that anallele is fixed (goes to a frequency of 1.0) is equal toits initial frequency (p) in the population, while itsprobability of loss from the population due to drift isequal to 1 − p. Given these three predictions:a. What is the allele frequency of a new autosomalmutation immediately after it occurs in a diploidpopulation of size N = 100,000?b. What is the allele frequency of a new autosomalmutation immediately after it occurs in a diploidpopulation of size N = 10?c. In which population does the new mutation have ahigher probability of going to fixation by chancewith genetic drift?
Figure 19-9 shows the trait distributions before and aftera cycle of artificial selection. Does the variance of thetrait appear to have changed as a result of selection?Explain.
1. Based on the class data from Experiment I, for each of the three populations, describethe effect of population size on genetic diversity over time. Your answer should touchon the magnitude of any genetic changes through time for each of the three populationsizes.
- Gramm X P Pearson X G translat x 7 Traduct x Textboc x b Bongo x b Virt X Unit 58 3144/viewContent/112835/View pruce Harbor, Mai.. Aprende a hablar u. speaking, how many genes are involved in influencing such characters? b. How do the measurements of quantitative characters distribute in a population, i.e., according to what kind of curve? c. Give an example of a 2 quantitative characters other than those mentionedin the class materials. 1) 2) Q4. A person has symptoms of fatigue and lethargy. The doctor suspects that, for some reason, blood sugar levels are abnormally low. But testing indicates that blood sugar levels are normal. Further testing reveals that sugar levels inside cells are indeed abnormally low. a. What could be going on here? Why might the sugar levels inside the cells be low even though in the bloodstream they are normal? State in terms of genes. b. One way to explain the situation in part a is that a gene at one locus is affecting the expression of a gene at a…
1. In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 190 out of 1000 individuals have polydactyly. Note that the trait is dominant. (6 pts) a. What is the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles? b. How many individuals in the population are expected to be heterozygotes? c. How many individuals in the population are expected to be homozygous dominant?

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