6. Riboswitches are RNA sequences found in the 5' untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA) that controlgene expression in response to small molecule binding. These regulatory elements adopt two conformations:an "on" state when a specific small molecule ligand is bound and an "off" state in the absence of ligand. Whenthe mRNA is "off", the gene remains untranslated.The structure of a guanine-responsive riboswitch was solved in 2004 (Nature, 432, 411-415) and is shownbelow at low (left) and high (right) resolution with a guanine derivative bound: (see Blackboard for color image)Guanine riboswitch with a guaninederivative (red) bound; zoomed out.U22U47HXU51C74Guanine riboswitch with a guanine derivative(HX) bound; atomic detail. Note: blue =nitrogen, red = oxygen. C and U followstandard nucleotide naming conventions.a. What interactions are occurring between the riboswitch and the guanine derivative that make bindingfavorable?b. Of these interactions, which ones confer specificity for the riboswitch binding guanine and not theother nucleobases (C, A, T, U)?

Riboswitches are regulatory elements that control gene expression in response to the binding of…

Answered: 6. Riboswitches are RNA sequences found…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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1. By use of a labeled diagram or a written description, distinguish the roles of thefollowing in elongation of a polypeptide: initiation complex, charged tRNAs, peptidyltransferase, Site A, Site P 2. What determines the initiation of translation? (Hint: there is more than one feature oftranslation.)
2. Define each of these processes that are essential to the formation of a protein. a. Transcription b. Translation translation is the process of generating polypeptide using the information carried on an MRNA molecule. 3. Complete the table to summarize each process Process Template Product Synthesized Location in Eukaryotic Cell Transcription Translation 4. Write the central dogma of molecular genetics, as proclaimed by Francis Crick? 5. How many nucleotide bases are there? 6. How many amino acids? (Hint: look at page 77 of your book) 7. DNA is double stranded, but for each protein, only one of these two strands is used to produce an MRNA transcript. What is the strand called? 8. Here is a short DNA template. Below it, assemble the complementary MRNA strand. Recall that DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, and RNA-RNA strand interactions are antiparallel. This means Vour MRNA strand will run 5' to 3'
In regard to the wobble hypothesis and the fact that cells do not need a full complement of tRNAs for codons. What would the consequences be if a cell lost the tRNA gene with the following anticodon sequences Please explain in depth A. 3'-ACA-5' B. 3'-CUG-5'
9. Put the following events in the synthesis of a polypeptide in the proper order. An initiator tRNA already bound to the small subunit binds to an mRNA. An aminoacyl tRNA matches its anticodon to the codon in the A site. The large subunit attaches to the small subunit, with the initiator tRNA in the P site. A peptide bond forms. A tRNA translocates from the A site to the P site, and an empty tRNA exits from the E site.
2. A mutation that changes an alanine residue in the interior of a protein to valine (A157 → V157) is found to lead to a loss of proper folding and activity. However, proper folding and activity are regained when a second mutation at a different position changes a leucine residue to glycine (L185 G185). Based on these observations, you → hypothesize that amino acid residues 157 and 185 are spatially close to each other in the folded and active protein. How does your hypothesis explain the data, that the double mutant (A¹57 → V157; L185 → G185) has activity that the single mutant (A¹57 → V157) lacks?
1. (a)How many amino acids are found in the polypeptide when the mRNA is translated? mRNA 5 - AAUAUGCGGAUGCCCGAA -3 4 5 6 7 (b) "In this mutation, the UGG codon is replaced with UGA." missense mutation nonsense mutation silent mutation frameshift mutation
E21.
2. You perform a series of experiments on the synthesis of the pituitary hormone prolactin, which is a single polypeptide chain 199 amino acids long. In the first experiment, the MRNA coding for prolactin is translated in a cell-free protein synthesizing system containing ribosomes, amino acids, tRNAs, aminoacyl-TRNA synthetases, ATP, GTP, and the appropriate initiation, elongation, and termination factors. Under these conditions, a polypeptide chain 227 amino acids long is synthesized. In a second experiment, the MRNA is translated in the same cel1-free system to which you have added SRP. In this case, translation stops after a peptide about 70 amino acids long has been produced. In a third experiment, you use the same cell-free translation system to which you have added both SRP and endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, and you find that that the prolactin MRNA now produces a polypeptide that is 199 amino acids long. A) Explain these results.
9. Shown below is a binding pocket for a protein with a ligand bound. The ligand interacts with a serine and a valine side chain. ligand a. Briefly explain, in terms of Ka, the effect of a mutation that replaces the serine residue with a valine residue. b. Briefly explain, in terms of Kd, the effect of a mutation that alters the ligand (as seen below) binding to the original, unmutated, binding site. :0: ligand 2
. Given the following nucleotide sequence, 5’-CATTAGATCG-3’, find the correct complementary strand a. 5’-CGATCTAATG-3’ b. 3’-TGCCGAGCTA-5’ c. 3’-GTAATCTAGC-5’ d. 3’-CATTAGATCG-5’ Coupling of transcription and translation is found where? near type II RNA polymerase activity in prokaryotic cells within the eukaryotic nucleus at the ribosomal complex pls answer
Can you explain it?

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