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Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that are likely responsible for generating the gen-rich atmosphere we enjoy on Earth. Many species of cyanobacteria display "circadian rhythms" manifest as oscillations in gene expression with a period of -24 hours. The circadian rhythms are erned by a biochemical cascade that regulates the phosphorylation of a single protein. Remarkably, circadian "clock" can be reconstituted in vitro with only 3 proteins, known as KaiA, KaiB and KaiC. on addition of Mg²* and ATP to the reaction, KaiC cycles between being phosphorylated and hosphorylated and reproduces the 24 hour period in the absence of any light cues. In vivo in the nobacteria, the phosphorylation of KaiC peaks at night, and this results in the activation of genes oding components of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Daytime photosynthesis KaiA KaiB Kaic ROS NADPH 80 ROS co, fikation and slycogen synthesis +ATP +Mg 60 Detoxification mechanisms 40 20 OPPP NADPH 24 time (hours) 72 Night-time oxidative pentose phosphate pathway carbon flux %P-Kaic

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that are likely responsible for generating the gen-rich atmosphere we enjoy on Earth. Many species of cyanobacteria display "circadian rhythms" manifest as oscillations in gene expression with a period of -24 hours. The circadian rhythms are erned by a biochemical cascade that regulates the phosphorylation of a single protein. Remarkably, circadian "clock" can be reconstituted in vitro with only 3 proteins, known as KaiA, KaiB and KaiC. on addition of Mg²* and ATP to the reaction, KaiC cycles between being phosphorylated and hosphorylated and reproduces the 24 hour period in the absence of any light cues. In vivo in the nobacteria, the phosphorylation of KaiC peaks at night, and this results in the activation of genes oding components of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Daytime photosynthesis KaiA KaiB Kaic ROS NADPH 80 ROS co, fikation and slycogen synthesis +ATP +Mg 60 Detoxification mechanisms 40 20 OPPP NADPH 24 time (hours) 72 Night-time oxidative pentose phosphate pathway carbon flux %P-Kaic

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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2. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that are likely responsible for generating the oxygen-rich atmosphere we enjoy on Earth. Many species of cyanobacteria display "circadian rhythms" that manifest as oscillations in gene expression with a period of -24 hours. The circadian rhythms are governed by a biochemical cascade that regulates the phosphorylation of a single protein. Remarkably, this circadian "clock" can be reconstituted in vitro with only 3 proteins, known as KaiA, KaiB and KaiC. Upon addition of Mg2+ and ATP to the reaction, Kaic cycles between being phosphorylated and dephosphorylated and reproduces the 24 hour period in the absence of any light cues. In vivo in the cyanobacteria, the phosphorylation of KaiC peaks at night, and this results in the activation of genes encoding components of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Daytime photosynthesis PSI ROS KaiA KaiB Kaic NADPH 80 ROS co, fixation and Blycogen synthesis +ATP 60 Detoxification +Mg mechanisms 40 20 ОPPP NADPH 24 48 72 time (hours) colocoo Night-time oxidative pentose phosphate pathway carbon flux (a) reactants and products and enzymes (excluding the final isomerization step). Draw the reactions of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway including all One hypothesis for why the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is activated at night is to (b) prepare cyanobacteria for the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the day by the light-harvesting reactions. Which product of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is necessary to combat reactive oxygen species? What enzyme uses this product to combat ROS and what antioxidant does it generate? Which particular ROS does the antioxidant target via a specific enzyme, and what is the enzyme? What other product does the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway produce, what is it used (c) for, and what daytime activity might production of this product prepare cynobacteria for? %P-KaiC
Transcribed Image Text:2. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that are likely responsible for generating the oxygen-rich atmosphere we enjoy on Earth. Many species of cyanobacteria display "circadian rhythms" that manifest as oscillations in gene expression with a period of -24 hours. The circadian rhythms are governed by a biochemical cascade that regulates the phosphorylation of a single protein. Remarkably, this circadian "clock" can be reconstituted in vitro with only 3 proteins, known as KaiA, KaiB and KaiC. Upon addition of Mg2+ and ATP to the reaction, Kaic cycles between being phosphorylated and dephosphorylated and reproduces the 24 hour period in the absence of any light cues. In vivo in the cyanobacteria, the phosphorylation of KaiC peaks at night, and this results in the activation of genes encoding components of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Daytime photosynthesis PSI ROS KaiA KaiB Kaic NADPH 80 ROS co, fixation and Blycogen synthesis +ATP 60 Detoxification +Mg mechanisms 40 20 ОPPP NADPH 24 48 72 time (hours) colocoo Night-time oxidative pentose phosphate pathway carbon flux (a) reactants and products and enzymes (excluding the final isomerization step). Draw the reactions of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway including all One hypothesis for why the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is activated at night is to (b) prepare cyanobacteria for the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the day by the light-harvesting reactions. Which product of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is necessary to combat reactive oxygen species? What enzyme uses this product to combat ROS and what antioxidant does it generate? Which particular ROS does the antioxidant target via a specific enzyme, and what is the enzyme? What other product does the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway produce, what is it used (c) for, and what daytime activity might production of this product prepare cynobacteria for? %P-KaiC
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