A healthy immune system can raise antibodies that recognize and bind with high affinity to almost any stable molecule. The molecule to which an antibody binds is known as an antigen. Antibodies have been exploited by enterprising scientists to generate valuable tools for research, diagnosis, and therapy. One clever application is the generation of antibodies that function like enzymes to catalyze complicated chemical reactions. If you wished to produce such a “catalytic” antibody, what would you suggest using as the anti- gen? Should it be the substrate of the reaction? The product? Something else?

Q: When human hemoglobin undergoes a mutation, the mutant protein usually does not replace all of the…

A: The cytosol of red blood cells contains the oxygen-carrying globular protein hemoglobin, which is…

Q: The loopy polypeptide segments at the very top of the structure shown are the segments that actually…

A: Antibodies and antibody-derived molecules have authenticated themselves as the main protein-based…

Q: Explain briefly the hershey-chase experiment?

A: The confirmation that DNA is the genetic material was given by the Hershey-Chase experiment. The…

Q: a) b) c) You run away from your home because your parents forced you into medicine. You meet a drug…

A: Introduction :- The organic molecule acetylcholine serves as a neurotransmitter in the bodies and…

Q: One of the causes of morbidity for the Zika Virus is Guillain-Barré Syndrome, an immune attack of…

A: Zika virus has family - flaviviridae.  This virus spreds with the help of aedes mosquitoes. They…

Q: Sis is a chronic respiratory condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a highly contagious…

A: Immune system is an important aspect in the human body it mainly helps the body defend itself…

Q: Jack is applyng to Gate's foundation for a grant to make a high affinity, humanized monoclonal…

A: Jack is requesting funding from the Gates Foundation to develop a high affinity, humanized…

Q: In the "Suburban Landscape" video, Andres Duany states that "suburbia disaggregates the elements of…

A: Urban planning and the development of living spaces have advanced altogether over time, with…

Q: Jack is applyng to Gate's foundation for a grant to make a high affinity, humanized monoclonal…

A: Jack is requesting funding from the Gates Foundation to develop a high affinity, humanized…

Q: a) What is the most likely diagnosis and also the underlying cause of the disorder? Explain your…

A: We are given a case in which patient is receiving medication for high blood pressure. The blood…

Q: Dr Janis toboggan has two patients who were admitted to her hospital with covid-19. And she gave…

A: The null hypothesis is the hypothesis which the researcher tries to disapprove or nullify whereas…

Q: In a line of human cells grown in culture, a geneticist isolates a temperature-sensitive mutation at…

A: Histone acetyltransferase (HATs) are those enzymes which can acetylate the lysine amino acids on…

Q: Triton X-100 is a detergent which is not commonly used to separate integral proteins from the…

A: The detergents are amphipathic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components.…

Q: Beadle and Tatum's experiments led to the "one gene - one enzyme (protein)" hypothesis. In…

A: The genes are the functional part of the DNA that are responsible for the production of RNA by the…

Q: Jack is applyng to Gate's foundation for a grant to make a high affinity, humanized monoclonal…

A: An antibody known as a monoclonal antibody (mAb) is produced by cells in the immune system that…

Q: What defect in the cell causes the condition known as Zellweger's syndrome, ZS?  Explain in detail…

A: Zellweger syndrome is the most severe form of the Zellweger spectrum of conditions. It is a rare…

Q: 1. NSF is an enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to disassemble complexes between v-SNAREs…

A: When the two separated lipid bilayers fuse to form a single layer, this process is known as Membrane…

Q: since red blood cells lack nuclei--which embeds the DNA that is required for transcription, how do…

A: Introduction: An oxygen-binding protein called hemoglobin is present in erythrocytes and is…

Q: You are studying a bacterial metabolic pathway that results in the synthesis of a product, vitalin,…

A: Mutants means tbe strain of the bacteria lacking the gene expressing for that particular enzyme.…

Q: Tenofovir, an analog of adenosine monophosphate, is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor…

A: Tenofovir, an analog of adenosine monophosphate, is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor…

Q: 2B. S. aureus hemolysin B attacks the RBC cell membrane by hydrolyzing the sphingomyelin headgroup:…

A: Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid with sphingosine  as platform molecule and phosphocholine as head…

Q: What would happen if an allosteric enzyme had a T/R ratio of 0 as a consequence of a mutation?

A: Allosteric enzymes are enzymes having additional binding site for small,regulatory effector…

Q: An antibody molecule is made up of four four polypeptides, two light chains and two heavy chains,…

A: The highly variable region of an antibody, also known as the variable domain, is essential for the…

Q: The acronym DFR stands for what?

A: Biomolecules often have long complex names. The use of acronyms helps us simply the name of complex…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.