1.Describe the journey of a protein, from its synthesis to its final destination 2. Explain the different stages of transcription and the role of the elements involved with the right terminology (template vs. non-transcribed strand, promoter, stop sequence, TATA box, general and specific transcription factors, RNA polymerase II, etc.); 3. Explain what the maturation (modifications) of pre-messenger RNA consists of and its role
Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
1.Describe the journey of a protein, from its synthesis to its final destination
2. Explain the different stages of transcription and the role of the elements involved with the right terminology (template vs. non-transcribed strand, promoter, stop sequence, TATA box, general and specific transcription factors, RNA polymerase II, etc.);
3. Explain what the maturation (modifications) of pre-messenger RNA consists of and its role
Proteins are essential macromolecules that perform various functions within cells and organisms. The journey of a protein begins with its synthesis within a cell, typically through a process called protein synthesis or translation.
Explanation:
Transcription: The synthesis of a protein starts with the transcription of the gene that encodes the protein. In the cell nucleus, DNA serves as the template for mRNA (messenger RNA) synthesis. RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand, following the genetic code.
mRNA Processing: The newly synthesized mRNA undergoes processing, which includes the removal of introns (non-coding regions) and the addition of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail. These modifications protect the mRNA and facilitate its transport to the cytoplasm.
Translation: The mature mRNA then exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where the process of translation occurs. Ribosomes, composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein, read the mRNA codons in sets of three (codons) and facilitate the synthesis of a protein. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain, following the genetic code encoded by the mRNA.
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