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5. Once mTORC1 is activated, it displays protein kinase activity. It phosphorylates the hy- droxy group on serine residues on substrate proteins, many of which are involved in controlling gene expression, via the reaction: MTORC1 + ATP + substrate(Ser-OH) → MTORC1 + ADP + substrate(Ser-PO4) (a) Describe how serine is synthesized in mammalian cells including precursors, intermediates and enzymes. Where does the amino group come from? (b) Once mTORC1 has phosphorylated a serine residue on its substrate, the substrate has a phos- phoserine side chain. Is this phosphoserine side chain different than the side chain of the serine bio- synthetic intermediate 3-phosphoserine, and, if so, how? (c) When mTORC1 is inhibited by the drug rapamycin, cells perform large-scale catabolism of cyto- solic and organellar proteins by proteases in the lysosome. If a protein is phosphorylated on a serine residue and undergoes degradation in the lysosome, phosphoserine can be released back to the cy- tosol. What are the possible metabolic fates of this liberated phosphoserine?

5. Once mTORC1 is activated, it displays protein kinase activity. It phosphorylates the hy- droxy group on serine residues on substrate proteins, many of which are involved in controlling gene expression, via the reaction: MTORC1 + ATP + substrate(Ser-OH) → MTORC1 + ADP + substrate(Ser-PO4) (a) Describe how serine is synthesized in mammalian cells including precursors, intermediates and enzymes. Where does the amino group come from? (b) Once mTORC1 has phosphorylated a serine residue on its substrate, the substrate has a phos- phoserine side chain. Is this phosphoserine side chain different than the side chain of the serine bio- synthetic intermediate 3-phosphoserine, and, if so, how? (c) When mTORC1 is inhibited by the drug rapamycin, cells perform large-scale catabolism of cyto- solic and organellar proteins by proteases in the lysosome. If a protein is phosphorylated on a serine residue and undergoes degradation in the lysosome, phosphoserine can be released back to the cy- tosol. What are the possible metabolic fates of this liberated phosphoserine?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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5. Once mTORC1 is activated, it displays protein kinase activity. It phosphorylates the hy- droxy group on serine residues on substrate proteins, many of which are involved in controlling gene expression, via the reaction: MTORC1 + ATP + substrate(Ser-OH) → MTORC1 + ADP + substrate(Ser-PO4) (a) Describe how serine is synthesized in mammalian cells including precursors, intermediates and enzymes. Where does the amino group come from? (b) Once mTORC1 has phosphorylated a serine residue on its substrate, the substrate has a phos- phoserine side chain. Is this phosphoserine side chain different than the side chain of the serine bio- synthetic intermediate 3-phosphoserine, and, if so, how? (c) When mTORC1 is inhibited by the drug rapamycin, cells perform large-scale catabolism of cyto- solic and organellar proteins by proteases in the lysosome. If a protein is phosphorylated on a serine residue and undergoes degradation in the lysosome, phosphoserine can be released back to the cy- tosol. What are the possible metabolic fates of this liberated phosphoserine?
Transcribed Image Text:5. Once mTORC1 is activated, it displays protein kinase activity. It phosphorylates the hy- droxy group on serine residues on substrate proteins, many of which are involved in controlling gene expression, via the reaction: MTORC1 + ATP + substrate(Ser-OH) → MTORC1 + ADP + substrate(Ser-PO4) (a) Describe how serine is synthesized in mammalian cells including precursors, intermediates and enzymes. Where does the amino group come from? (b) Once mTORC1 has phosphorylated a serine residue on its substrate, the substrate has a phos- phoserine side chain. Is this phosphoserine side chain different than the side chain of the serine bio- synthetic intermediate 3-phosphoserine, and, if so, how? (c) When mTORC1 is inhibited by the drug rapamycin, cells perform large-scale catabolism of cyto- solic and organellar proteins by proteases in the lysosome. If a protein is phosphorylated on a serine residue and undergoes degradation in the lysosome, phosphoserine can be released back to the cy- tosol. What are the possible metabolic fates of this liberated phosphoserine?
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