Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 are three different GTPases that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. We've previously (Chapter 4) discussed the regulation of GTPases as one of two means of creating binary switches (on/off). Draw a model with two cycles representing the two means of creating binary switches. Both should clarify transitioning between 'on' and 'off' modes and include ATP, GTP, ADP, GDP, Phosphate, and relevant enzymes where appropriate.
Nucleotides
It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.
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Introduction and overview
GTPases are a large family of proteins that function as molecular switches. They can cycle between two states: an active state bound to GTP and an inactive state bound to GDP. This cycling is regulated by two groups of enzymes: guanine nucleotides exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). GEFs promote the exchange of GDP for GTP, activating the GTPase, while GAPs accelerate the GTPase's intrinsic GTPase activity, inactivating it.
Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 are three different GTPases that play important roles in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics. Rho is involved in actin stress fiber formation and cell contraction, Rac is involved in actin lamellipodia formation and cell migration, and Cdc42 is involved in filopodia formation and cell polarity.
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