2. Consider the problem of finding the shortest route through several cities, such that each city is visited only once and in the end return to the starting city (the Travelling Salesman problem). Suppose that in order to solve this problem we use a genetic algorithm, in which genes represent links between pairs of cities. For example, a link between Accra and Lagos is represented by a single gene 'AL’. Let also assume that the direction in which we travel is not important, so that AL =LA. (1) How many genes will be used in a chromosome of each individual if the number of cities is 10? (ii) (ii) How many genes will be in the alphabet of the algorithm?

Q: Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has…

A: The mutation is the sudden deleterious effects in the DNA sequences, they can arise when the DNA is…

Q: 2. Describe the effect of the mutation that created the Hbs allelelon the amino acid sequence of the…

A: Hemoglobin is responsible for oxygen transportation throughout the body and it is present within the…

Q: EC4. In a test-cross of trihybrid drosophila the following phenotypes and number of offspring were…

A: The cross, which involves the inheritance of three genes is called the trihybrid cross. According to…

Q: 3. Researchers are investigating a newly discovered condition that greatly increases the likelihood…

A: Question - 3. Researchers are investigating a newly discovered condition that greatly increases the…

Q: 12. a. You want to create a genetic construct that will express GFP in Drosophila. In addition to…

A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: In chipmunks, the relationship between genotype and the age at which heart attacks occur is similar…

A: Co-dominance is the term used to describe the genetic phenomena here.

Q: 5.Suppose that the same recessive daf-d mutation in the N2 strain landed 20m.u. from the SNP367…

A: Option d is the answer. All the F1 individuals are in heterozygous condition. Given genetic map…

Q: resulting in dementia and memory loss that occurs in 10% of the US population older than 65. In the…

A: As mentioned in the passage Alzheimer's disease can occur due to the mutation in both the alleles of…

Q: Many aspects of gene function can be nicely explained with the one- gene-one-enzyme hypothesis,…

A: Genes are a set of instructions that determine what the organism is like, its appearance, how it…

Q: 2. If an A a BBC cdd male mates with an A a B b CcDd female. (a) What is the maximum number of…

A: In genetics the genes control the hereditary units of life. The alleles are the alternative forms of…

Q: 1. If there were only two alleles of TAS2R38 (AVI and PAV) in the human population, what are the…

A: The first part of the question is asking about the possible combinations of two alleles, AVI and…

Q: Asthma is a common medical condition that is influenced by genetics and environment. In the Us,…

A: It is a multiple choice question.

Q: A sample of 400 individuals is found to contain: 32 A1A1: 36 A1 A2 : 60 A1A3 57 A2A2 : 90 A2A3 : 125…

A: Selfing involves the fusion of gametes obtained from individuals having the same genotype. It is…

Q: 6. The famous geneticist, T.H. Morgan, carried out a series of experiments on linkage mapping in…

A: Disclaimer: "Since, you have multiple questions, only first question to be answered according to the…

Q: Suppose in a hospital in the United Kingdom, out of 98,543 of babies born in the last 20 years, 13…

A: Myotonic dystrophy is a chronic genetic disorder that affects muscle function. It is a type of…

Q: 4. Smaug's parents are not described by Tolkien, but we can use our current model of genetics to…

A: Given the information, Smaug's genotype for the three traits , Smaug is a male dragon, and males are…

Q: 8. Two independent genes are located near each other on the genome of the mouse. Whiskers is…

A: A gene which dominates the other gene is termed a Dominant gene. And a gene which is dominated by…

Q: An individual has the following genotype. Gene loci (A) and (B) are 15 m.u. apart. What are the…

A: Given that,the Gene A and B are 15 mapping unit apart. The possible gametes are Ab,ab,AB and aB

Q: 8 Phenylketonuria (PKU) is one of the most common recessive genetic disorders in humans. Infants…

A: The phenylketonuria is encoded by the p gene. It is recessive to dominant allele (P).

Q: Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has…

A: The inheritable disease that caused vision loss more in males and less in females is Leber…

Q: Ⓒ Macmillan Learning Epigenetics is the study of heritable traits that are not induced by changes to…

A: The genome of an organism is a full copy of its genetic information. The proteins encoded by this…

Q: Marilyn Houck and Margaret Kidwell proposed that P elements were carried from Drosophila willistoni…

A: One species of Drosophila, in particular, D. melanogaster, has been heavily used in research in…

Q: 11. Mary Alexander studied the effects of radiation on mutation rates in sperm of Drosophila. She…

A: Given  Radiation amount = 3000r  and 3975r  Number of offsprings  Control = 45,504, mutated = 2…

Q: 1. Describe what you think would happen if a male mouse acquired a mutation that gave it tan or a…

A: "Examining the interplay between mouse mating preferences and the potential impact on the frequency…

Q: . The physicist Stephen Hawking, famous for his theories about black holes, has lived past the age…

A: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a paralyzing neurodegenerative disease which is usually fatal…

Q: 5. The table shows the combinations of alleles that result in human ABO blood types. A biology…

A: We have,  Blood type of both the parents - AB Therefore, genotype of both the parents - IAIB.

Q: A mathematical model has been derived for selection against the homozygous recessive genotype. The…

A: According to the Hardy–Weinberg principle in a population, the allelic frequency and genotype…

Q: 1.) Scientists use PCR to check three calves born to the same cow for a gene sequence from…

A: In this scenario, scientists are using PCR to identify the paternity of three calves born to the…

Q: Proteins A,B,C, and D in the diagram are encoded by different genes and interact with each other.…

A: Answer. There are many different types of mutations that can occur in a coding sequence that can…

Q: 1. A monogenic disease is a disease caused by a mutation in a single gene. For instance, sickle-cell…

A: * Sickle cell anemia is blood disorder in which red blood cells becomes mis shapen and turns into…

Q: But when you cross a "Texas Beauty" yellow with the yellow variety "Jealousy," you get a 9:7 ratio…

A: Dominant allele is an allele which shows its expression even in the heterozygous condition ;along…

Q: n a population genetic study of a species of California wild oat, the following genotype frequencies…

A: EXPLANATION

Q: AaBbCc x AaBbcc How would you characterize this kind of relationship between the genes: A-B- (gray);…

A: The jeans always to independent assortment at the time of gamete formation. In spite of the…

Q: How did archaeological evidence support the genetic evidence for the timing and geographic location…

A: Domestication is the process of transforming wild plants into useful crops for human use.

Q: 5. The gene controlling the human ABO blood group system has three alleles that determine the nature…

A: The ABO blood group system is a classification system for blood that depends on the presence or…

Q: 3.       In Drosophila, sepia eyes are caused by a recessive mutation. Suppose that you find that 16…

A: Sepia eyes are a recessive mutation in Drosophila, where it is most prevalent. We need to determine…

Q: Problem 1: A new gene is being investigated in fruit flies. The recessive allele of this gene (t)…

A: We are only allowed to do upto three subpart of a question please repost the undone question again.…

Q: State whether the mutation is missense, nonsense, frameshift, or silent. B. Write the codon change…

A: As per the guidelines we are supposed to answer only the first question In case of multiple question…

Q: 4. Allele specific oligo-nucleotide hybridization is a genetic test used to look for single…

A: Hemocystinuria is an autosomal recessive disease. Let H allele encodes normal phenotype. It is…

Q: Suppose we define the Alzheimer's disease phenotype as being diagnosed with the disease by age 75…

A: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental…

Q: How might you change the warfarin dosing strategy for a patient that had a variant in CYP2C9 that…

A: CYP2C9 is a gene that encodes for an enzyme that is responsible for metabolizing certain drugs in…

Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.