2. Consider the problem of finding the shortest route through several cities, such that each city is visited only once and in the end return to the starting city (the Travelling Salesman problem). Suppose that in order to solve this problem we use a genetic algorithm, in which genes represent links between pairs of cities. For example, a link between Accra and Lagos is represented by a single gene 'AL’. Let also assume that the direction in which we travel is not important, so that AL =LA. (1) How many genes will be used in a chromosome of each individual if the number of cities is 10? (ii) (ii) How many genes will be in the alphabet of the algorithm?

Q: The difference in phenotype between pups 2 and 3 (black progeny) can be explained as moderately…

A: Phenotype  The appearance of an organism is known as phenotype. The phenotype of an organism is the…

Q: Ten mutant mouse strains with white coats were tested by crossing each with all the other strains.…

A: Introduction  A mutation is a change that occurs in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome.…

Q: 2. Describe the effect of the mutation that created the Hbs allelelon the amino acid sequence of the…

A: Hemoglobin is responsible for oxygen transportation throughout the body and it is present within the…

Q: The enzymes required to breathe fire (BFi2) is expressed in throat tissues of dragons from the Known…

A: DNase 1 enzyme is responsible for digesting the DNA into fragments.

Q: 2. Imagine a combination of microevolutionary mechanisms other than mutation/se- lection. How do you…

A: Microevolution is characterized as the adjustment of the allele frequencies over the long haul in a…

Q: You set up an RNAi experiment in worms and you use adult worms instead of L4 worms. How might this…

A: The  C.elegan which is a worm, and feeds on soil bacteria it has developmental stages which require…

Q: In chipmunks, the relationship between genotype and the age at which heart attacks occur is similar…

A: Co-dominance is the term used to describe the genetic phenomena here.

Q: 9. All organisms have the ability to repair DNA damage caused by mutagenic chemicals. To find genes…

A: A complementation test is a genetic test used to determine if two different individuals with a…

Q: 1. If there were only two alleles of TAS2R38 (AVI and PAV) in the human population, what are the…

A: The first part of the question is asking about the possible combinations of two alleles, AVI and…

Q: blood cell surface protein that is glycosylated by products of the I gene with alleles IA, IB and/or…

A: In order to determine the blood types of the children we need to first analyze the genetics of the…

Q: 4. Smaug's parents are not described by Tolkien, but we can use our current model of genetics to…

A: Given the information, Smaug's genotype for the three traits , Smaug is a male dragon, and males are…

Q: 8. Two independent genes are located near each other on the genome of the mouse. Whiskers is…

A: A gene which dominates the other gene is termed a Dominant gene. And a gene which is dominated by…

Q: What is the most likely order of the linked genes R, S, and T if the distance between R and S is 22…

A: A linkage map, also known as a genetic chromosome map, is a linear graphic representation of the…

Q: 11. Mary Alexander studied the effects of radiation on mutation rates in sperm of Drosophila. She…

A: Given  Radiation amount = 3000r  and 3975r  Number of offsprings  Control = 45,504, mutated = 2…

Q: 1. Describe what you think would happen if a male mouse acquired a mutation that gave it tan or a…

A: "Examining the interplay between mouse mating preferences and the potential impact on the frequency…

Q: A fusion protein can be synthesized to carry a specific tag, which is useful in identifying the…

A: Amino acids are the biomolecules that contain amino and carboxyl groups. Proteins are the polymer of…

Q: 6. Suppose that brown is the wild-type colour of the iris of eyes. However, dominant autosomal…

A: Since the mutations are dominant and there are no confounding factors so for green eye colour, both…

Q: Based on the entire Figure 1, what do you notice about the distribution and clustering of the yeast…

A: They are proteins belonging to the large family of small GTP binding proteins. 70 different rabs…

Q: 1.) Scientists use PCR to check three calves born to the same cow for a gene sequence from…

A: In this scenario, scientists are using PCR to identify the paternity of three calves born to the…

Q: QUESTION 1 Which of the following statements is true of a gene and its alleles? A. All genes have…

A: Genes are the units of hereditary which are found as nucleotide sequences over DNA and are present…

Q: 22. You are studying variation in a human disease gene worldwide. You suspect that the disease is…

A: The alleles are given in the three population French, Melanesian, Yoruba and the alleles are in TT,…

Q: You isolate ten new mutant yeast strains that are defective in synthesis of leucine, an amino  acid.…

A: In this scenario, you have isolated ten new mutant yeast strains that are defective in the synthesis…

Q: A chromatin rearrangement on the EGFR gene promoter An mRNA stabilising protein binding to the 3'…

A: A gene is made up of DNA which is able to synthesizer functional product in the form of RNA or a…

Q: 6). To investigate the genetic control of locomotive behavior in the diploid nematode,…

A: Complementation test is used to determine whether the mutation in two strains are in different gene.…

Q: 1. With reference to the figure, discuss the results of the Western Blotting experiments, what they…

A: This is the technique that is used to analyze various proteins from the mixture extracted from…

Q: 8. Dioxin (in the human diet!) and ethidium bromide (used in labs to see DNA using UV light) are…

A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: Polydactyly is an inherited trait that results in extra fingers or toes. In the United States 0.1%…

A: In this scenario, polydactyly is caused by the presence of the allele P, and the normal allele is…

Q: SCO2 DCO n DCO Vinn gr;v;d+ gr+;v;d+ gr;v+;d Total: 18 6 |Σ 564 6 71 71 67 Σ 564 Rf: R R 15.95%…

A: To solve this question,  Following steps are as fallows 1. Parental should be maximum and Double…

Q: 1. Many plant populations such as strawberries and lettuce are artificially selected for certain…

A: The hybrid formation is routinely used in plant breeding that follows the laws of mutation. Usually…

Q: 1) Using the diagram below, sketch in the pattern of bands you would expect to see after digesting…

A: TAS2R38 is a taste receptor gene present in the 7th chromosome of the genome. The length of a gene…

Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.