The observation that when a mixture of methane and chlorine is irradiated reaction commences immediately. When irradiation is stopped the reaction gradually slows down but does not stop immediately is to be explained. Concept introduction: When a mixture containing an alkane and halogen is irradiated, homolytic cleavage of bonds takes place resulting in the generation of free radicals. Reactions involving free radicals occur in three steps, initiation, propagation and termination. To explain: The observation that when a mixture of methane and chlorine is irradiated reaction commences immediately. When irradiation is stopped the reaction gradually slows down but does not stop immediately.

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5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15% glycerin by weight. If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate; e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt). f. Moles of CO2 evolved. g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed. h. Conversion efficiency. i. Per cent excess of excess reactant. Reactions: Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6 Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3

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Chapter 6.SE, Problem 36AP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The observation that when a mixture of methane and chlorine is irradiated reaction commences immediately. When irradiation is stopped the reaction gradually slows down but does not stop immediately is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

When a mixture containing an alkane and halogen is irradiated, homolytic cleavage of bonds takes place resulting in the generation of free radicals. Reactions involving free radicals occur in three steps, initiation, propagation and termination.

To explain:

The observation that when a mixture of methane and chlorine is irradiated reaction commences immediately. When irradiation is stopped the reaction gradually slows down but does not stop immediately.

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5. A solution of sucrose is fermented in a vessel until the evolution of CO2 ceases. Then, the product solution is analyzed and found to contain, 45% ethanol; 5% acetic acid; and 15% glycerin by weight. If the original charge is 500 kg, evaluate; e. The ratio of sucrose to water in the original charge (wt/wt). f. Moles of CO2 evolved. g. Maximum possible amount of ethanol that could be formed. h. Conversion efficiency. i. Per cent excess of excess reactant. Reactions: Inversion reaction: C12H22O11 + H2O →2C6H12O6 Fermentation reaction: C6H12O6 →→2C2H5OH + 2CO2 Formation of acetic acid and glycerin: C6H12O6 + C2H5OH + H₂O→ CH3COOH + 2C3H8O3

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