The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material. Concept introduction: Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation. Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom. Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation. Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction. Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond. Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule. For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation. Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product. Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 6.5, Problem 12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

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d. Draw arrow-pushing mechanism for an enzymatic retro-aldol reaction of the following hexose. Use B: and/or HA as needed. OH OH سية HO OH OH

4. Calculate the wavelength of a photon needed to excite a transition between neighbouring energy levels of a harmonic oscillator of effective mass equal to that of an oxygen atom and with a force constant of 544 N m¹.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 6.5, Problem 12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 6.5, Problem 12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

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See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 6.5, Problem 12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 6.5, Problem 12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Answer 6

Chapter 6.5, Problem 12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Answer 7

Chapter 6.5, Problem 12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The preparation for given compound has to be identified by using alkene as starting material.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds and donates its electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature of a molecule depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Electrophilic addition: It is a type of addition reaction in which the pi bond present in the molecule breaks as the electrophile approaches the molecule and results in the formation of product with sigma bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds present in a molecule and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

For example consider Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction of alkene. First step is acid donates proton to alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction. Here the water gets added to the carbo cation and finally one proton gets removed from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Answer 14

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 6.1 - Draw the mechanism for the reaction of cyclohexene...Ch. 6.2 - a. How many bond orbitals are available for...Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 3P Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 4P Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 5P Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 6P Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 7P Ch. 6.5 - Prob. 9P Ch. 6.5 - Prob. 10P Ch. 6.5 - a. What is the major product of each of the...

Solution Summary: The author explains that the preparation for a given compound must be identified by using alkene as starting material.

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