Chapter 6, Problem 57P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products for the given reactions should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds that results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Chemical reaction involves bond making and breaking of two or more reactants in order to attain products from the reactants.

The curved arrows are generally used to indicate the flow of electrons present in the reaction.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two added substituents are placed on same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is placed on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.

Oxidizing Reagents: The chemical agents used to add oxygen or remove hydrogen to other compound which finally reduced on oxidizing the other compound.

Carbocation: It is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

From the given two reactions the one with higher free energy activation should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Free energy activation is the energy difference between the transition state and the ground state of the reactants present in a reaction.

Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reactivity for given set of compounds towards $HCl$ should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

In E-Z designations, the groups attached to vinylic positions are checked by their priority on the basis of higher molecular weight. If the higher priority groups are on the same sides, then the configuration is designated as Z. If the higher priority groups are on the opposite sides, then the configuration is designated as E.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order: