
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The
pH definition:
The concentration of hydrogen ion is measured using
The
On rearranging, the concentration of hydrogen ion
(a)

Answer to Problem 6D.2E
The
Explanation of Solution
Lactic acid is a weak acid when it is dissolved in water it ionized as positive and negative ions and it is given below.
The equilibrium expression for the above reaction is given below.
Initial concentration | 0.11 | 0 | 0 |
Change in concentration | -x | +x | +x |
Equilibrium concentration | 0.11-x | x | x |
The equilibrium concentration values are obtained in the above table and is substituted in above equation and is given below.
Lactic acid
The above equation, assume that the x present in 0.11-x is very small than 0.11 then it can be negligible and as follows,
Now, the
Therefore, the calculated
The general equilibrium expression to find out the pOH of the solution is given below,
Therefore, the calculated
The percentage deprotonation is calculated using the concentration of hydronium ion divided by the initial concentration of lactic acid and the respective equation is given below.
Concentration of
Initial concentration of
Substitute the obtained values in above equation
Therefore, the percentage deprotonation of 0.11 M aqueous lactic acid is 8.73%
(b)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)

Answer to Problem 6D.2E
The
Explanation of Solution
Lactic acid is a weak acid when it is dissolved in water it ionized as positive and negative ions and it is given below.
The equilibrium expression for the above reaction is given below.
Initial concentration | 0 | 0 | |
Change in concentration | -x | +x | +x |
Equilibrium concentration | x | x |
The equilibrium concentration values are obtained in the above table and is substituted in above equation and is given below.
Lactic acid
The above equation, assume that the x present in
Now, the
Therefore, the calculated
The general equilibrium expression to find out the pOH of the solution is given below,
Therefore, the calculated
The percentage deprotonation is calculated using the concentration of hydronium ion divided by the initial concentration of lactic acid and the respective equation is given below.
Concentration of
Initial concentration of
Substitute the obtained values in above equation
Therefore, the percentage deprotonation of
(c)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)

Answer to Problem 6D.2E
The
Explanation of Solution
Lactic acid is a weak acid when it is dissolved in water it ionized as positive and negative ions and it is given below.
The equilibrium expression for the above reaction is given below.
Initial concentration | 0 | 0 | |
Change in concentration | -x | +x | +x |
Equilibrium concentration | x | x |
The equilibrium concentration values are obtained in the above table and is substituted in above equation and is given below.
Lactic acid
The above equation, assume that the x present in
Now, the
Therefore, the calculated
The general equilibrium expression to find out the pOH of the solution is given below,
Therefore, the calculated
The percentage deprotonation is calculated using the concentration of hydronium ion divided by the initial concentration of lactic acid and the respective equation is given below.
Concentration of
Initial concentration of
Substitute the obtained values in above equation
Therefore, the percentage deprotonation of
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Chapter 6 Solutions
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