In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown. Concept Introduction: Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions. Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are, Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species. Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 6.42EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 6.42EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 6.42EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 6.42EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

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Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 6.42EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 6.42EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 6.42EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

In the given acid‑base equilibria, the structure of missing substance has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are a class of organic compounds. They are derivatives of ammonia. Similar to the nitrogen atom in ammonia, the amine nitrogen also has a lone pair of electrons on it. This means that amines can act as proton acceptors. When an amine is added to water a proton is transferred to the nitrogen atom. The resulting solution is a basic solution. This contains ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.

Substituted ammonium ion is the one in which one or more alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkyl groups are substituted instead of hydrogen atoms. There are two important generalizations that is applied to the substituted ammonium ion and they are,

Substituted ammonium ions are not neutral molecules. They are charged species.

Nitrogen atom has four bonds in ammonium ion or substituted ammonium ion. The species is positively charged as the fourth bond formed is a coordinate covalent bond.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 4QQ

Solution Summary: The author explains the structure of missing substance in the acidbase equilibria.

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