Chapter 4.9, Problem 4.95P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

An efficient synthesis for the given transformation has to be predicted.  The given reaction is shown as,

Concept Introduction:

Deactivators are electron withdrawing groups attached to the benzenes that have either positive charge or an atom with high electronegativity. They are meta directors.

Activators are electron donating groups attached to the benzenes that have either electron density that is able to push into benzene ring or a lone pair of electrons. They are ortho-para directing.

Halogens are deactivators that are ortho-para directing.

In a reaction, fuming sulfuric acid is used to introduce sulfonic groups in a compound (sulfonation) or sometimes used as blocking groups.

In a reaction, sulfonic acid group can be removed from a compound by treating it with dilute sulfuric acid (desulfonation).

Bromination: A reaction in which a bromine atom is introduced to the compound.

Nitration: In nitration reaction, one nitro group $\left(-N{O}_2\right)$ is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.