Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 44, Problem 15TYK
Summary Introduction
To review:
The closure of the septum between the two ventricles to create a double respiratory system as an evolutionary advantage.
Introduction:
Animal circulatory system is the network of blood vessels to supply oxygen (O2) and other nutrients to the tissues via heart and removing waste materials such as carbon dioxide (CO2). It can either be the open circulatory system or closed circulatory system. The invasion of terrestrial habitats by the different vertebrate groups led to an evolutionary trend.
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What are some observations comparing the schematics of the fish and mammal circulatory systems? (Note: these are simplified schematics that don't show every single route for blood, so focus on the heart and the immediate inflow/outflow around the heart.)
The English physiologist William Harvey made all of the following circulatory discoveries except:
the function of valves in the veins is to direct blood flow back to the heart
both pulmonary and systemic blood pressure comes from pumping of the heart
blood in the veins is under less pressure than is blood in the arteries
arterial pressure is lowest during systole and greatest during diastole
the function of the vertebrate heart is to pump blood continuously
Briefly describe the differences among animal circulatory systems. What is an open system versus a closed? What are the anatomical differences among vertebrate hearts?
Chapter 44 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 44.1 - What are the three basic features of animal...Ch. 44.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 44.1 - Prob. 3SBCh. 44.1 - Prob. 4SBCh. 44.2 - Outline the life cycle of an erythrocyte.Ch. 44.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 44.2 - Prob. 3SBCh. 44.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 44.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 44.3 - How do neurogenic and myogenic hearts differ?
Ch. 44.3 - Describe the electrical events that occur during...Ch. 44.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 44.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 44.4 - Prob. 3SBCh. 44.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 44.5 - Prob. 2SBCh. 44.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 44.6 - Prob. 1SBCh. 44 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 44 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 44 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 44 - A characteristic of blood circulation through or...Ch. 44 - The heartbeat includes: a. the systole when the...Ch. 44 - Keeping the mammalian cardiac cycle balanced...Ch. 44 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 44 - Characteristics of veins and venules are: a. thick...Ch. 44 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 44 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 44 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 44 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 44 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 44 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 44 - Nifedipine is an antihypertension medication that...Ch. 44 - Prob. 2ITDCh. 44 - Nifedipine is an antihypertension medication that...
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- Figure 16.10 Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is false?a. Blood in the pulmonary vein is deoxygenated.b. Blood in the inferior vena cava is deoxygenated.c. Blood in the pulmonary artery is deoxygenated.d. Blood in the aorta is oxygenated.arrow_forwardWhat are the major characteristics of veins and arteries as blood vessels in an animal circulatory system?arrow_forwardExamine one of the consequences of branching with a simple model shown in the figure. Assume that there are two blood-flow circuits, which are identical except that one of the circuits has a single vessel, whereas the other has two identical vessels in parallel. a.If the resistance of a single vessel is R, what is the overall resistance of the two vessels in parallel? b.If each of the circuits carries the same flow rate, which has the larger pressure drop? Comment on the result.arrow_forward
- Describe the purpose (and advantages) of a double circulation (“2 pump” circulatory system)arrow_forwardWhy is closed circulatory system considered advantageous?arrow_forwardPathway of blood through the Human Circulatory SystemTrace the pathway of blood through the circulatory system by placing the parts found on the word box to the appropriate box where it belongs in the diagram. A. Bicuspid ValveB. Aortic Semilunar ValveC. Pulmonary Semilunar ValveD. Tricuspid ValveE. Veins (from venules)F. Artery (to arterioles)G. AortaH. Pulmonary ArteryI. Pulmonary VeinJ. Superior Vena CavaK. Inferior Vena CavaL. VeinletM. Right AtriumN. left AtriumO. Right VentricleP. Left VentricleQ. Coronary Sinusarrow_forward
- note whether the statements below are consistent with an open or closed circulatory system. The circulating fluid flows in one direction (unidirectionally) through a circulatory loop. The circulating fluid is called hemolymph. Ostia are pores in the heart, important for circulatory function. The circulating fluid is called blood. The circulating fluid remains in vessels as it moves throughout the organism. Is the more efficient type of circulatory system.arrow_forwardDescribe all the events (steps) that occur during a cardiac cycle for mammals (organisms with a double circulation). How does this cycle contribute to metabolic homeostasis for our cells, and what is the purpose of the valves?arrow_forwardWhy is a closed circulatory system more efficient than an open circulatory system?arrow_forward
- Write the following structures into sequence as a drop of blood would pass them on the double circuit of a mammalian system. aorta to systemic arteries and arterioles aortic semilunar valve inferior and superior vena cavae left atrioventricular valve (also called biscupid or mitral valve) left atrium left ventricle pulmonary capillaries to venules pulmonary trunk/arteries to arterioles pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary veins right atrioventricular valve (also called tricuspid valve) right atrium right ventricle systemic capillaries to venules and veinsarrow_forwardA heartbeat starts when autorhythmic cells in the 1 [ Select ] (located in the right atrium) create an action potential (electric signal). From there, the signal passes along the internodal pathway to the 2 [ Select] causing the atria to contract. After a slight pause, the signal travels to the 3 [ Select ] , which divides into left and right bundle branches and carries the signal down through the 4 [ Select ] to the apex of the heart. At that point, specialized 5 [ Select ] carry the signal to individual cardiac muscle cells and the 6 [ Select ] contract.arrow_forwardLeaky Na+ channels in the cells of the SA Node do which of the following? a-allow a slow repolarization which causes the delay in the AV Node b-allow a slow depolarization which causes the atria to contract for a longer time and fill the ventricles more completely c-allow a slow repolarization which brings the membrane potential back to a resting state d-allow a slow depolarization that eventually reaches the threshold for voltage-gated Ca2+ channelsarrow_forward
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