Covalent bonds usually formed by hydrogen atom (H) should be determined. Concept Introduction: Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element. Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements. The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 8RQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by hydrogen atom (H) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by chlorine atom (Cl) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by sulfur atom (S) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by fluorine atom (F) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by nitrogen atom (N) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by phosphorus atom (P) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 8RQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by hydrogen atom (H) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by chlorine atom (Cl) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by sulfur atom (S) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by fluorine atom (F) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by nitrogen atom (N) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by phosphorus atom (P) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 8RQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by hydrogen atom (H) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by chlorine atom (Cl) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by sulfur atom (S) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by fluorine atom (F) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by nitrogen atom (N) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by phosphorus atom (P) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 8RQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by hydrogen atom (H) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by chlorine atom (Cl) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by sulfur atom (S) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by fluorine atom (F) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by nitrogen atom (N) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by phosphorus atom (P) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

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Answer 5

Chapter 4, Problem 8RQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by hydrogen atom (H) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by chlorine atom (Cl) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by sulfur atom (S) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by fluorine atom (F) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by nitrogen atom (N) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by phosphorus atom (P) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 6

Chapter 4, Problem 8RQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by hydrogen atom (H) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 7

Chapter 4, Problem 8RQ

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by hydrogen atom (H) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by chlorine atom (Cl) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by chlorine atom (Cl) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by sulfur atom (S) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by sulfur atom (S) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by fluorine atom (F) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by fluorine atom (F) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by nitrogen atom (N) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by nitrogen atom (N) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by phosphorus atom (P) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Covalent bonds usually formed by phosphorus atom (P) should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: According to this rule, all atoms can lose, gain or share their valence electrons in order to complete their octet or get 8 valence electrons; the electron configuration of the nearest noble element.

Valence electron: The electrons which are present in the outer most energy level are known as valance electron. This can be calculated by the group number of the element. Generally, the group number is same as the valance electrons of any elements.

The covalent bond is a type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms which have comparable electronegativity.

Answer 18

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Answer 19

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Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 4 - Prob. 1RQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 2RQ Ch. 4 - What are the structural differences among chlorine...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4RQ Ch. 4 - What are the charges on simple ions formed from...Ch. 4 - Prob. 6RQ Ch. 4 - In what group of the periodic table would elements...Ch. 4 - Prob. 8RQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 9RQ Ch. 4 - Prob. 10P

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