Concept explainers
Fifteen bacterial colonies growing on a complete medium are transferred to a minimal medium. Twelve of the colonies grow on minimal medium. a. Using terminology from the chapter, characterize the 12 colonies that grow on minimal medium and the 3 colonies that do not.
b. The three colonies that do not grow on minimal medium are transferred to minimal medium supplemented with the amino acid serine (min + Ser), and all three colonies grow. Characterize these three colonies.
c. The serine biosynthetic pathway is a three-step path-way in which each step is catalyzed by the enzyme product of a different gene, identified as enzymes A, B, and C in the diagram below.
Mutant 1 grows only on min
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 4 Solutions
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
- Consider a batch culture of sphere-shaped bacteria in a growth medium or broth, in which the mean cell diameter of the bacteria is 2.0 μm (micron). Show all your calculations and assumptions in answering the questions below: What is the volume of one of these sphere-shaped cells, expressed in liters? If there are 3 x 10^12 cells in one liter of this culture broth, what percentage of the volume is occupied by bacteria and what percentage is occupied by the cell culture broth (water only)? If the cells contain 80% water, what is the dry cell concentration, expressed as “grams dry weight/Liter of broth”? You should assume that the density of the cells dry mass is approximately 1.0 gr/cm3arrow_forwardA plaque assay is performed beginning with 1 mL of a solution containing bacteriophages. This solution is serially diluted 3 times by combining 0.1 mL of each sequential dilution with 9.9 mL of liquid medium. Then 0.1 mL of the final dilution is plated in the plaque assay and yields 12 plaques.What is the initial density of bacteriophages in the original 1 mL? Enter your answer to two significant figures ( for example: 1.1 * 10^2)arrow_forwardYou have several different media onto which you inoculated eight strains of yeast (A-H). The media include a rich medium, an unsupplemented minimal medium, and minimal media each supplemented with one vitamin. Of the yeast strains, one is a prototroph and seven are auxotrophs for a vitamin. After overnight incubation, the following results were observed (tan patches represent growth): D plate 1 (A) B DE F GH plate 5 plate 4 plate 6 Which plate contains an unsupplemented minimal medium? [Select] Which plate contains a rich medium? [Select] plate 2 Which strain is a prototroph? [Select] Strain E is an auxotroph for niacin. Which plate reveals this specific auxotrophy? [ Select] plate 3 plate 7 One strain is an auxotroph for both choline and pantothenic acid. Which one is this most likely to be? [Select]arrow_forward
- what are the volume dilution and dilution factor for bacteriophage A,B,Carrow_forwardTRY TO KEEP IN SHORT AND USE OWN WORD FOR THIS QUESTION You are studying a type of bacteria isolated from the acidic water runoff of a mining operation. You subject two batches of the same bacteria type to different environmental growth conditions. One batch is grown at pH 2, while the other is grown at pH 7. All other environmental parameters are kept identical between the two batches. You then collect their proteins and run a Western blot using an antibody that binds to a proton efflux pump protein (which actively expends energy to pump protons out of a cell). How would you characterize the information obtained in this experiment? What does it tell you, and why is that potentially valuable information?arrow_forwardDetermine the concentration of L. monocytogenes enumerated from the apple slice based on the information below. You must draw your serial dilution and show your mathematical calculation. The apple slice (12 g) was first mixed with 108 ml of sterile 0.1% peptone water. After, 1 ml was added to tube containing 9 ml of sterile 0.1% peptone water. Process was repeated with two additional tubes. 1 ml was pipetted from tubes 2 and 3 onto MOX media. Plates were incubated at 37 for 48 hours. The pictures below show the plates from tube 2 (left) and tube 3 (right).arrow_forward
- Calculate these for 1 ug of plasmid DNA in a final total volume of 20 ul. All enzymes being used here are at a concentration of 10 U/µL. For double digests, give the appropriate volume for each enzyme and decide which buffer to use. (HINT: look up double digest conditions on the NEB website.) You should always calculate all volumes in advance to ensure the correct working concentrations and so that you can prepare the digests as efficiently as possible. It is a good idea to check off each component as it is added to the microfuge tube. Complete the table below, including the volume of DNA sample(s) you will need for 1 pg of the DNA (from two different methods in Experiment #3) based on the concentration(s) you determined from the OD260 value, which you will restriction digest with each of the restriction enzymes singly and in double digests in Part A. For example, the volume of DNA sample that contains 1 µg DNA for DNA sample from Part A, Experiment 3: OD260 = 0.024, dilution 500x…arrow_forwardGiven this, if you used 6g of vitamin Z powder to make 20 ml of solution, what is the % concentration of this solution? (I gave the image since I don't know if that info is needed to solve this question.)It also gives a follow-up, if you can help here too: You work in a lab as a summer student. One of your tasks is to make sure that there is enough cell culture medium containing antibiotics to grow bacteria. One day you realize that there is only 5 ml of 10% Antibiotic stock solution in the freezer. You decide to use it all to prepare the working culture medium with 0.01% antibiotic. In the lab there is plenty of growth medium without antibiotics. (Note: dilution in medium is like dilution in water). You remember the equation to make dilutions of stock solutions. You usually use this formula to calculate the required volume of a stock solution, but you realize it can apply here as well, even though the unknown is the final volume. So, you make that dilution. Given that each bacterial…arrow_forwardIn your laboratory, you have an F− strain of E. coli that is resistantto streptomycin and is unable to metabolize lactose, but it can metabolizeglucose. Therefore, this strain can grow on a medium thatcontains glucose and streptomycin, but it cannot grow on a mediumcontaining lactose. A researcher has sent you two E. colistrains in two separate tubes. One strain, let’s call it strain A, hasan F′ factor (an F prime factor) that carries the genes that are requiredfor lactose metabolism. On its chromosome, it also has thegenes that are required for glucose metabolism. However, it is sensitiveto streptomycin. This strain can grow on a medium containinglactose or glucose, but it cannot grow if streptomycin is addedto the medium. The second strain, let’s call it strain B, is an F−strain. On its chromosome, it has the genes that are required forlactose and glucose metabolism. Strain B is also sensitive to streptomycin.Unfortunately, when strains A and B were sent to you, thelabels had fallen…arrow_forward
- Determine the concentration of monocytogenes enumerated from the apple slice based on the information below. You must draw your serial dilution and show your mathematical calculation to receive full credit. The apple slice (12 g) was first mixed with 108 ml of sterile 0.1% peptone water. After, 1 ml was added to tube containing 9 ml of sterile 0.1% peptone water. Process was repeated with two additional tubes. 1 ml was pipetted from tubes 2 and 3 onto MOX media. Plates were incubated at 37 for 48 hours. The pictures below show the plates from tube 2 (left) and tube 3 (right).arrow_forwardExplain why the growth of both the strains A and C in medium III is not similar to that of strain B. Use the appropriate vocabulary and provide one putative explanation for strain A.arrow_forwardFor the study of alanine production by a recombinant strain of E. coli, cultivation was carried out in a benchtop bioreactor with 4.5 L of culture medium, using glucose as a limiting substrate. During the cultivation, there was no lag phase and the cells showed exponential growth for 5 hours. The following table presents the results of the analysis of ammonia and glucose consumption, and alanine accumulation throughout the cultivation. Knowing that 500 mL of a cell suspension at a concentration of 5.0 g/L (inoculum) was added to the 4.5 L of medium in the reactor and that the YX/NH3 previously determined was 7.5, calculate:a) the maximum specific growth rateb) YX/S and YP/S yield factorsc) How long would it take to reach Cx = 30 g/L if the cells continued with the exponential growth profile until the end of the culture (without nutrient deprivation or any type of inhibition)?d) Describe how the mathematical treatment of the data should be done to determine the type of product formation…arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education