Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 31.3, Problem 1SB
Which major groupings of animals defined on the basis of morphological characters have been confirmed by molecular sequence studies?
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7) Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Select all the statements that are supported by this tree.
A) Gray whales are the common ancestor of the Blue and Humpback whales.
B) Blue and humpback whales diverged more recently than either did from the gray whale.
C) The Bryde's whale shares a more recent common ancestor with the Sei whale than with the Fin whale.
D) The blue and the Bryde's whale have more traits in common with each other than with any other two species,
E) Southern minke whales and Northern minke whales have more traits in common with each other than with any other species.
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Examine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Which statements are correctly inferred from this tree? Select all that apply.
A) The mammals are the outgroup in this tree.
B) Birds and dinosaurs share a recent common ancestor.
C) Mammals and birds are more closely related than any other species.
D) Turtles are equally as diverged from lizards and snakes as they are from crocodiles.
E) Lizards and snakes are more recently diverged from each other than they are from crocodiles.
A 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm
Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.
Chapter 31 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 31.1 -
1. What characteristics distinguish animals from...Ch. 31.1 - How does the ability of animals to move through...Ch. 31.2 - What is a tissue, and what three primary tissue...Ch. 31.2 - What type of body symmetry do humans have?Ch. 31.2 - What is the functional significance of the coelom?Ch. 31.2 - Prob. 4SBCh. 31.3 - Which major groupings of animals defined on the...Ch. 31.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 31.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 31.4 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 31.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 31.5 - Prob. 2SBCh. 31.5 - What do ctenophores eat, and how do they collect...Ch. 31.6 - Prob. 1SBCh. 31.6 - Prob. 2SBCh. 31.6 - Prob. 3SBCh. 31.6 - Prob. 4SBCh. 31.7 - Prob. 1SBCh. 31.7 - If an arthropods rigid exoskeleton cannot be...Ch. 31.7 - Prob. 3SBCh. 31.7 - Prob. 4SBCh. 31 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 31 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 31 - Protostomes and deuterostomes typically differ in:...Ch. 31 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 31 - Which organ system is absent in flatworms (phylum...Ch. 31 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 31 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 31 - Which body region of an insect bears the walking...Ch. 31 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 31 - What is the major morphological innovation seen in...Ch. 31 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 31 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 31 - Discuss Concepts What are the relative advantages...Ch. 31 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 31 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 31 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 31 - Prob. 1ITD
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- How are shared ancestral characters and shared derived characters different? How is the concept of homology related to these concepts?arrow_forwardAside from skeletal structural similarities, what other commonalities among organisms might be considered homologous?arrow_forwardReferring to the phylogenetic tree shown above, answer the following questions: 1. How many OTUs are included in the phylogenetic analysis? 2. How many clades are there? 3. What is an autapomorphic trait of the domestic cat? Explain why? 4. What is the shared derived trait (synapomorphy) in the Family Felidae? Explain why?arrow_forward
- Why is molecular data for phylogenetic inference best analyzed with use of an explicit model of molecular evolution? A) This is true of morphological data, not molecular data, it is impossible to model changes in molecular sequence data because it is constantly evolving. B) Because molecular data is known to only experience random changes and is constantly evolving, a chaotic model of evolution can universally be applied to molecular sequence data for phylogenetic analysis. C) Because molecular data is known to experience non-random changes in terms of the likelihood of different types of mutations -- transitions vs. transversions, at different codon positions, which can be used to infer sequence evolution and relationship. D) None of the above.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is supported by molecular phylogenetic studies? a.) Lobe-finned fish are more closely related to humans than to other fish. b.) Lobe-finned fish are more closely related to other fish than to humans. c.) Lobe-finned fish are more closely related to other fish than to humans. d.) All of the answers are correct e.) Lobe-finned fish are tetrapods.arrow_forwardList in order, from most inclusive to least inclusive, the principal categories (taxa) in Linnaean classification as currently applied to animals.arrow_forward
- Which of the following CANNOT be learned by looking at phylogenetic trees? (A) ALL of these. (B) Which groups of species represent natural monophyletic groups (clades) that should be named. (C) Which ancestral nodes (representing extinct ancestors) might be older than other ancestral nodes. (D) Which extant species are older than other extant species. (E) Which characteristics most likely evolved along specific branches of the evolutionary tree.arrow_forwardHow would cladists and evolutionary taxonomists differ in their interpretations of the statement that humans evolved from apes, which evolved from monkeys?arrow_forwardSegmentation has evolved several times and occurs in most animal supergroups. What advantages do segmented taxa have over their unsegmented relatives?arrow_forward
- Based on their anatomical and behavioral differences, biologists previously placed humans and chimpanzees in different families, but now DNA sequence data suggest that they are closely related and should be placed in the same family. What are some advantages of using DNA sequences to decide how to classify organisms? What might be some disadvantages?arrow_forward4) What makes Archeopteryx an important fossil evolutionarily? A)This species has a mix of characters that suggest it was a "transitional" species between two large groups, dinosaurs and birds. B)This species is the oldest known, universally agreed upon, fossil of life, and therefore tells up what the common ancestor to all living things might have been like. C)This species has a mix of characters that suggests is was a "transitional" species between two large groups, fish and amphibians. D)This species is thought to be the last common ancestor between chimps and humans, and therefore is the root of our own specific group (homonins).arrow_forwardWhat is the significance of taxonomic process in animals?arrow_forward
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Phylogenetic Mysteries: Crash Course Zoology #12; Author: CrashCourse;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVaw7nF72Aw;License: Standard youtube license